Question

write and think about the probable changes of the Earth surface in future​

Answer 1

The biological and geological future of Earthcan be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at Earth's surface, the rate of cooling of the planet's interior, the gravitational interactionswith other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity. An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans, such as climate engineering,[2]which could cause significant changes to the planet. The current Holocene extinctionis being caused by technology[6] and the effects may last for up to five million years.In turn, technology may result in the extinction of humanity, leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes.

Over time intervals of hundreds of millions of years, random celestial events pose a global risk to the biosphere, which can result in mass extinctions. These include impacts by cometsor asteroids, and the possibility of a massive stellar explosion, called a supernova, within a 100-light-year radius of the Sun. Other large-scale geological events are more predictable. Milankovitch theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the Quaternary glaciation comes to an end. These periods are caused by variations in eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earth's orbit.[10] As part of the ongoing supercontinent cycle, plate tectonics will probably result in a supercontinent in 250–350 million years. Some time in the next 1.5–4.5 billion years, the axial tilt of the Earth may begin to undergo chaotic variations, with changes in the axial tilt of up to 90°.

The luminosity of the Sun will steadily increase, resulting in a rise in the solar radiation reaching the Earth. This will result in a higher rate of weathering of silicate minerals, which will cause a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In about 600 million years from now, the level of carbon dioxide will fall below the level needed to sustain C3 carbon fixation photosynthesisused by trees. Some plants use the C4 carbon fixation method, allowing them to persist at carbon dioxide concentrations as low as 10 parts per million. However, the long-term trend is for plant life to die off altogether. The extinction of plants will be the demise of almost all animal life, since plants are the base of the food chain on Earth.

In about one billion years, the solar luminosity will be 10% higher than at present. This will cause the atmosphere to become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runawayevaporation of the oceans. As a likely consequence, plate tectonics will come to an end, and with them the entire carbon cycle.Following this event, in about 2–3 billion years, the planet's magnetic dynamo may cease, causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatilesfrom the outer atmosphere. Four billion years from now, the increase in the Earth's surface temperature will cause

a runaway greenhouse effect, heating the surface enough to melt it. By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years, after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded beyond the planet's current orbit.

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Answer 2

The probable changes will be wavering temperatures, greenhouse effect, resource exploitation etc.

• The probable changes in the Earth's surface in future​ will be -

1. Within the next several billion years, the sun will move into the Red Giant Phase. At that point, the sun will have imploded, and the planet will have lost everything that is currently there, including its geographic features.
2. In the coming decades, human-caused pollution and resource exploitation will pick up speed, gradually worsening the condition of the earth's surface.
3. There can be increased ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect as well.
4. Other events can also alter the surface of the Earth far more swiftly. These include landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic outbursts. These occurrences have the power to bring about significant changes in a lot less time.
5. As a conclusion, it can be stated that the earth's surface geography is not going to be very good in the future.

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