write any four points on personal government plan
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Answer:
First Plan (1951–1956)
The first Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention.
The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector.
The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.
The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%).
The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors.
Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.
Second Plan (1956–1961)
The Second Plan focused on the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation".
The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953.
The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth.
It used the prevalent state-of-the-art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute.
The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.
Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively.
Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India were established as research institutes.
In 1957, a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
Third Plan (1961–1966)
The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army.
In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan.
There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation.
The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
Many primary schools were started in rural areas.
In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed.
States were made responsible for secondary and higher education.
State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
Fourth Plan (1969–1974)
At this time Indira Gandhi was the prime minister.
The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture.
In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development.
India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal.
The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.