Question

Write any three factors responsible for indentured labour migrated from India.
OR
"Although wages increased somewhat in the nineteenth century but they could not improve the welfare of the workers." How do you agree with this statement ? Explain any three points.
OR
"The Chawls of Bombay were a small cosmopolitan community in themselves." Explain the statement.

CBSE Class X Social Science SA ( 3 marks)

Answer 1

Factors responsible for indentured labour migrated from India :
(i) In mid-19th century, cottage industries declined, land rents rose, lands were cleared for mines and plantations.
This affected poor people because they were highly indebted and forced to migrate for work.
(ii) As the agents provided false information about final destinations, nature of work and living and working condition, many poor people were tempted to go and work.
(iii) In order to escape poverty or oppression at home and in villages many migrants agreed to work.
OR
(i) The average figures hide the variations between trades and fluctuations from year to year.
(ii) The real value of workers’ income fell significantly, since the same wages could now buy fewer things.
(iii) The workers did not get employment everyday, hence the number of days worked determined the average daily income of the workers.
OR
(i) Chawls were resided by poor.
(ii) The open space of the center of the chawls was used for various activities.
(iii) Chawls were were also the place for the exchange of news about job, strikes riots or demonstrations.
(iv) People in chawls lived like an integrated family.

Answer 2

Answer:  Any three factors responsible for indentured labour migrated from India.

Explanation: The required regions due to labour are migrated from India  are:-

• Most Indian indentured workers came from the present-day regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu.
• The causes for the migration were as given below : In mid-nineteenth century, cottage industries had declined in the above regions. Land rents had risen.
• Lands were cleared for mines and plantations. The above factors affected the lives of the poor. They failed to pay their rents and became deeply indebted and were forced to migrate in search of work.
• Rising land rents
• Declining cottage industries
• Most Indian indentured labourers came from regions which experienced drastic changes in the mid-nineteenth century. Declining cottage industries, rising land rents and clearing of land for mines and plantations had a negative impact on the lives of these labourers. They were forced to migrate to different countries like Sri Lanka and Africa.

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