write article about somnambulism
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Introduction
Somnambulism is the medical term used for sleepwalking that includes undesirable actions such as walking, that occur during abrupt but limited arousals from deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow-wave sleep.[1]
Somnambulism is characterized by:
- Incomplete arousal occurring during NREM sleep, usually during the earlier third of the night
- The ability or inability to recall dream content
- Simple or complex movements that are in congruence with a dream
- Diminished awareness of the environment
- Impaired decision-making ability, planning, and problem-solving skills[2]
Somnambulism has been associated with various other sleep disorders such as confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorders, night terrors in children, somniloquy (sleep talking), and bruxism (teeth grinding), as well as daytime fatigue, and emotional and behavioral issues in children.[3][4]
Etiology
Evidence for a genetic predisposition for sleepwalking has been observed in some patients. Monozygotic twins have a higher chance of somnambulism than dizygotic twins.[5][6] More Whites with somnambulism are found to be positive for the DQB1*0501 gene as compared to Whites without somnambulism, which suggests that DQB1 genes are involved in motor disorders in sleep.
Epidemiology
Somnambulism is a common arousal disorder. However, the epidemiology of this disorder is still ambiguous. The prevalence rate of sleepwalking is significantly higher in children than in adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Stallman and colleagues showed the estimated lifetime prevalence of sleepwalking is 6.9% without a significant difference in lifetime reports of sleepwalking between children and adults. The prevalence of sleepwalking, within the past 12 months, was reported significantly higher in children 5.0% compared to 1.5% in adults.
Pathophysiology
Studies indicate decreased localized cerebral blood flow in the frontal and parietal areas of patients that sleepwalk as compared to controls. Moreover, restricted perfusion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula is found to be congruous with the clinical signs of somnambulistic episodes.
History and Physical
The majority of patients have a history of witnessed episodes of sleepwalking with no memory of the event. Sometimes, the spouse reports episodes of sleepwalking and performing actions such as relocating belongings in the room. There have also been reports of concomitant sleep talking and inappropriate sexual behavior during sleep.
Evaluation
Our knowledge of somnambulism is still in its early stages. Polysomnography is the most reliable method to diagnose somnambulism.