Write brief notes on the following: (i) Bone (ii)Collenchyma (iii)hydrostatic skeleton
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1➡️A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions.
Ontogenetically, collenchyma cells develop from certain elongated cells resembling procambium which are formed in the very early stages of differentiation of the meristem. Sometimes less specialised collenchyma originates from the ground meristem. Some researchers believe that the collenchyma originates jointly with the vascular tissues from the procambium.
2➡️Collenchyma occurs in the peripheral positions i.e. immediately beneath the epidermis in stems, leaves, floral parts, fruits and roots of dicotyledonous plants mainly. Collenchyma is not found in the stems of many mono- cots. It occurs as continuous band of solitary or many cell-layers thick hypodermis under the epidermis.
3➡️A hydrostatic skeleton, or hydroskeleton, is a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure.[1] Hydrostatic skeletons are common among simple invertebrate organisms. While more advanced organisms can be considered hydrostatic, they are sometimes referred to as hydrostatic for their possession of a hydrostatic organ instead of a hydrostatic skeleton. A hydrostatic organ and a hydrostatic skeleton may have the same capabilities, but they are not the same.[1] Hydrostatic organs are more common in advanced organisms, while hydrostatic skeletons are more common in primitive organisms. As its name suggests, containing hydro meaning "water", being hydrostatic means that the skeleton or organ is fluid-filled.[2]
As a skeletal structure, it possesses the ability to affect shape and movement, and involves two mechanical units: the muscle layers and the body wall. The muscular layers are longitudinal and circular, and part of the fluid-filled coelom within.
Ontogenetically, collenchyma cells develop from certain elongated cells resembling procambium which are formed in the very early stages of differentiation of the meristem. Sometimes less specialised collenchyma originates from the ground meristem. Some researchers believe that the collenchyma originates jointly with the vascular tissues from the procambium.
2➡️Collenchyma occurs in the peripheral positions i.e. immediately beneath the epidermis in stems, leaves, floral parts, fruits and roots of dicotyledonous plants mainly. Collenchyma is not found in the stems of many mono- cots. It occurs as continuous band of solitary or many cell-layers thick hypodermis under the epidermis.
3➡️A hydrostatic skeleton, or hydroskeleton, is a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure.[1] Hydrostatic skeletons are common among simple invertebrate organisms. While more advanced organisms can be considered hydrostatic, they are sometimes referred to as hydrostatic for their possession of a hydrostatic organ instead of a hydrostatic skeleton. A hydrostatic organ and a hydrostatic skeleton may have the same capabilities, but they are not the same.[1] Hydrostatic organs are more common in advanced organisms, while hydrostatic skeletons are more common in primitive organisms. As its name suggests, containing hydro meaning "water", being hydrostatic means that the skeleton or organ is fluid-filled.[2]
As a skeletal structure, it possesses the ability to affect shape and movement, and involves two mechanical units: the muscle layers and the body wall. The muscular layers are longitudinal and circular, and part of the fluid-filled coelom within.
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(1) A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
(2) collenchyma cells are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure. Their thick cell walls are composed of the compounds cellulose and pectin. These cells are often found under the epidermis, or the outer layer of cells in young stems and in leaf veins.
(3) A hydrostatic skeleton or hydroskeleton is a structure found in many soft-bodied animals consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles.
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