write briefly about the trend of population growth india since 1901
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The history of growth in India’s population can be divided into four distinct phases – the points of division being 1921, 1951 and 1981. Prior to 1921, India’s population was characterized by a chequered growth. Decades of substantial growth regularly alternated with decades of small increase or even negative growth. The Census Commissioner for the 1951 census, therefore, rightly called 1921 as the year of Great Divide, which differentiated the earlier period of fluctuating growth rates from a period of moderately increasing growth rates.
The second point of division was 1951, which differentiated the period of earlier moderate growth from a period of rapid growth in the post-independence period. This phase of rapid growth in population continued up to 1981. Thereafter, though population continues to grow, the rate of growth shows a definite deceleration.

Table 4.2 presents the trends in population growth in India during the last hundred years. The figures for pre-independence period have been adjusted to take care of partition of the country in 1947. The rate of interdental growth in India’s population remained very low till 1921, and in fact, the rate of growth was negative during 1911-21.
The first twenty years of the twentieth century, thus, witnessed a growth rate of only 5.42 per cent in India’s population. It may be recalled here that the decade 1901-11 was struck by several local famines. For instance, one such famine occurred in 1907 in areas what later came to be known as Uttar Pradesh.
In addition, plague claimed a heavy toll of life during the decade in Bengal and Bombay Presidencies. Further, in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab plague and malaria caused considerable number of deaths. The northern zone, comprising Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi, had, in fact, recorded a negative growth in its population during the decade. The situation was even worse during 1911-21 when India’s population recorded a virtual shrink in its size in the wake of influenza epidemic, which had struck in 1919. It has been estimated that the epidemic claimed the life of nearly 7 per cent of the population in the country.
The central zone comprising Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh had suffered the most. In western zone also, the absolute size of population is reported to have declined. Premi and Tyagi (1985), in their district-level analysis of patterns of population growth, have shown that four distinct areas were marked with strikingly high loss of population during 1901-21 (Fig. 4.3).
A continuous belt extending from the Ganga plain down to the Mahanadi delta, part of Rajasthan desert plain, Punjab plain and upper Godavari, Krishna and Tungbhadra basins in Maharashtra and Karnataka plateaus had recorded decline in population during the period. Some of the districts in these areas had recorded a decline in population by more than 10 per cent.

From 1921 onward, a progressive control of the epidemics of cholera and plague resulted in acceleration in the rate of population growth. The decadal rate of growth in population increased from 11 per cent during 1921-31 to over 14 per cent during 1931-41. The northern zone, which had recorded substantial loss of population during 1901-21, witnessed an exceptionally higher growth.
The growth rate remained otherwise virtually stable during 1931-51. Over a period of thirty years, i.e., 1921-51 population grew at moderately increasing rate. Strikingly, the central zone recorded a consistently lower growth rate than the nation’s average perhaps because of a persistently higher incidence of mortality and substantial out-migration. On the other hand, the western zone experienced a much faster growth in its population.
It may be recalled that this was the period of initial industrial growth in the western zone, particularly in the areas of Bombay Presidency and, to some extent, in the state of Baroda, which attracted migrants from different parts of the country (Premi and Tyagi, 1985:26). In addition, other major states, which recorded a substantially higher growth than the nation’s average during 1921-51, were Assam, Kerala, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
The major factors responsible for this high growth in these states were again in-migration of workers from other parts of the country. Some parts in the northeastern states did experience rapid growth due to influx of population from the East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). On the other extreme, states like Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh recorded a consistently lower growth. Some of these states, e.g., Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, lost their substantial population through the process of out-migration
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The second point of division was 1951, which differentiated the period of earlier moderate growth from a period of rapid growth in the post-independence period. This phase of rapid growth in population continued up to 1981. Thereafter, though population continues to grow, the rate of growth shows a definite deceleration.

Table 4.2 presents the trends in population growth in India during the last hundred years. The figures for pre-independence period have been adjusted to take care of partition of the country in 1947. The rate of interdental growth in India’s population remained very low till 1921, and in fact, the rate of growth was negative during 1911-21.
The first twenty years of the twentieth century, thus, witnessed a growth rate of only 5.42 per cent in India’s population. It may be recalled here that the decade 1901-11 was struck by several local famines. For instance, one such famine occurred in 1907 in areas what later came to be known as Uttar Pradesh.
In addition, plague claimed a heavy toll of life during the decade in Bengal and Bombay Presidencies. Further, in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab plague and malaria caused considerable number of deaths. The northern zone, comprising Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi, had, in fact, recorded a negative growth in its population during the decade. The situation was even worse during 1911-21 when India’s population recorded a virtual shrink in its size in the wake of influenza epidemic, which had struck in 1919. It has been estimated that the epidemic claimed the life of nearly 7 per cent of the population in the country.
The central zone comprising Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh had suffered the most. In western zone also, the absolute size of population is reported to have declined. Premi and Tyagi (1985), in their district-level analysis of patterns of population growth, have shown that four distinct areas were marked with strikingly high loss of population during 1901-21 (Fig. 4.3).
A continuous belt extending from the Ganga plain down to the Mahanadi delta, part of Rajasthan desert plain, Punjab plain and upper Godavari, Krishna and Tungbhadra basins in Maharashtra and Karnataka plateaus had recorded decline in population during the period. Some of the districts in these areas had recorded a decline in population by more than 10 per cent.

From 1921 onward, a progressive control of the epidemics of cholera and plague resulted in acceleration in the rate of population growth. The decadal rate of growth in population increased from 11 per cent during 1921-31 to over 14 per cent during 1931-41. The northern zone, which had recorded substantial loss of population during 1901-21, witnessed an exceptionally higher growth.
The growth rate remained otherwise virtually stable during 1931-51. Over a period of thirty years, i.e., 1921-51 population grew at moderately increasing rate. Strikingly, the central zone recorded a consistently lower growth rate than the nation’s average perhaps because of a persistently higher incidence of mortality and substantial out-migration. On the other hand, the western zone experienced a much faster growth in its population.
It may be recalled that this was the period of initial industrial growth in the western zone, particularly in the areas of Bombay Presidency and, to some extent, in the state of Baroda, which attracted migrants from different parts of the country (Premi and Tyagi, 1985:26). In addition, other major states, which recorded a substantially higher growth than the nation’s average during 1921-51, were Assam, Kerala, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
The major factors responsible for this high growth in these states were again in-migration of workers from other parts of the country. Some parts in the northeastern states did experience rapid growth due to influx of population from the East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). On the other extreme, states like Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh recorded a consistently lower growth. Some of these states, e.g., Bihar, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, lost their substantial population through the process of out-migration
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Distinct phases can be discerned in the population growth in India is this period of a centuary.
1901-21 = stagnant population
1921-51 = steady growth
1951-81= rapid and high growth
1981-2001= high growth but with signs of slowing down
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