Write differences between a) chromosome and chromatin b) osmosis and diffusion c) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell d) ribosome and lysosome e) cell-wall and cell membrane f) hypotonic and hypertonic solution
Answers
Answer:
a) chromatin: In the nucleus, the DNA double helix is packaged by special proteins (histones) to form a complex called chromatin. The chromatin undergoes further condensation to form the chromosome.
chromosome: A compact structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
b) Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles across a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution into a concentrated solution. The solvent moves to dilute the concentrated solution and equalize the concentration on both sides of the membrane.
Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall effect is to equalize concentration throughout the medium.
c)Prokaryotes (pro-KAR-ee-ot-es) (from Old Greek pro- before + karyon nut or kernel, referring to the cell nucleus, + suffix -otos, pl. -otes; also spelled "procaryotes") are organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.
Eukaryotes (IPA: [juːˈkæɹɪɒt]) are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus. This feature gives them their name, (also spelled "eucaryote,") which comes from the Greek ευ, meaning good/true, and κάρυον, meaning nut, referring to the nucleus. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes.
d)They are pretty different components of the cell. Lysosomes for one are organelles, meaning that they have their own membranes. Hence, they are only found in eukaryotic cells. They are also responsible mainly for destruction. They can destroy worn out organelles, whole cells, and sometimes foreign invaders.
On the other hand, ribosomes are not organelles. They are one of the few components that you find in the cells of all organisms, irrespective of type. They are for converting mRNA into proteins in a process called translation.
So in a sense, you could say that they are components with opposite functions (one builds, the other destroys).
e) CELL WALL:
1. OCCURRENCE:
(i) It occurs only in plant cell.
2. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE:
(ii) It is thick, rigid,elastic and non-living.
(iii) It is permeable.
(iv) It consists of three different layers such as middle lamella,primary wall and secondary wall.
(v) It is not a unit cell.
(vi) Plasmodesmata are present.
(vii) Cell wall is ornamented.
3. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:
(viii) It is chemically composed of cellulose, hemicellulose,cutin,suberin and pectic substances etc .
4. FUNCTIONS:
(ix) It does not take part in forming cell organelles.
(x) It does not conduct exocytosis and endocytosis processes.
CELL MEMBRAME :
1. OCCURRENCE:
(i) It occurs both in plant and animal cell.
2. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE:
(ii) It is thin , soft,flexible and living.
(iii) It is semi-permeable.
(vi) It is also a three layered structure and the layers are the outer-protein layer, intermediate lipid layer and inner protein layer.
(v) It is a unit membrame.
(vi) Desmosomes are present .
(vii) Cell membrame is uniform thus no ornamentation is seen.
3. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:
(viii) It is chemically composed of protein and lipid. Phospholipid is present in lipid layer.
4. FUNCTIONS:
(ix) It plays most important role in forming cell organelles such as mitochondria and golgi bodies etc.
(x) It conducts exocytosis and endocytosis processes.
f) Hypertonic solution: Hyper means “High concentration” and tonic means “Fluid”. Therefore, it can define as the solution which contains a high solute concentration in the outside than the fluids inside the cell.
Hypotonic solution: Hypo means “Low concentration” and tonic means “Fluid”. Therefore, it can define as the solution which contains a low solute concentration in the outside than the fluids inside the cell.
Hope it helps you
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