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Introduction
Although the term is not subject to a universally agreed definition, terrorism can be broadly
understood as a method of coercion that utilizes or threatens to utilize violence in order to
spread fear and thereby attain political or ideological goals. Contemporary terrorist violence
is thus distinguished in law from “ordinary” violence by the classic terrorist “triangle”: A
attacks B, to convince or coerce C to change its position regarding some action or policy
desired by A. The attack spreads fear as the violence is directed, unexpectedly, against innocent
victims, which in turn puts pressure on third parties such as governments to change their
policy or position. Contemporary terrorists utilize many forms of violence, and indiscriminately
target civilians, military facilities and State officials among others.
The challenges of countering terrorism are not new, and indeed have a long history. The term
“terrorism” was initially coined to describe the Reign of Terror, the period of the French
Revolution from 5 September 1793 to 27 July 1794, during which the Revolutionary
Government directed violence and harsh measures against citizens suspected of being
enemies of the Revolution. In turn, popular resistance to Napoleon’s invasion of the Spanish
Peninsula led to a new form of fighter—the “guerrilla”, which derives from the Spanish word
guerra, meaning “little war” (Friedlander, 1976, p. 52). As a weapon of politics and warfare,
however, the use of terrorism by groups can be traced back to ancient times, and as noted by
Falk, “in various forms, terrorism is as old as government and armed struggle, and as pervasive”
(Falk, 1990, pp. 39, 41). The focus of this module, and of the University Module Series as a
whole, is on terrorist violence and the threats carried out by non-State groups and the
response of the international community, especially States, regional organizations and the
United Nations system.
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