Question

write down a brief outline of the political history of Mughal India from the period of Babur till the period of Aurangzeb.​

Answer 1

1. Babur (AD 1526-1530)

*First Mughal emperor Babur

*The very first Mughal emperor and the founder of the Mughal emperor Babur brought gunpowder to India

*He is known for defeating:

Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat (AD 1526)

Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at battle of Khanwa

Medini Rai of Chenderi at Battle of Chanderi (AD 1528)

Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)

*Babur wrote Tuzuk-i-baburi in in Turkish language

*The first Mughal emperor declared Jehad and adopted the title Ghazi

*Babur died in 1530 and was buried at Aram Bagh (Agra). Late, his body was taken to Bagh-e-Babun (Kabul)

2. Humayun (AD 1530-1556)

*Second Mughal emperor Humayun

*Babur’s son, Humayun, built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital

*Humayun fought two battles with Sher Shah Suri and was ultimately defeated:

Battle of Chausa (AD 1539)

Battle of Kannauj (AD 1540)

*The second great Mughal emperor passed 15 years in exile and again invaded India in 1555 with the help of his officer Bairam Khan

*Humayun died in AD 1556 falling from the stairs of his library building

*Humayun-nama was written by his half-sister Gulbadan Begum

3. Akbar (AD 1556-1605)

Third Mughal emperor Akbar

*Humayun’s officer Bairam Khan crowned 13-year-old Akbar as the third Mughal emperor

*He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556) with the help of Bairam Khan

*Akbar conquered:

Malwa (AD 1561) after defeating Baz Bahadur followed by Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani Durgawati)

Chittor (AD 1568)

Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (AD 1569)

Gujarat (AD 1672)

Mewar (AD 1576) in the Battle of Haldighati after defeating Rana Pratap

Kashmir (AD 1586)

Sindh (AD 1593)

Asirgarh (AD 1603)

*Buland Darwaza was contructed at Fatehpur Sikri after Akbar’s victory over Gujarat in AD 1572

*Akbar discouraged the practice of Sati and encouraged widow remarriage

*Akbar was married to Harkha Bai, daughter of Rajpur ruler Bharmal

*Ralph Fitch was the first Englishman to visit Akbar’s court in AD 1585

*The third Mughal emperor introduced a land revenue system called Todar Mal Bandobast or Zabti system, through his finance minister Raja Todar Mal, wherein the classification of land and fixation of rent was introduced

*He also introduced the Mansabdari System or the rank-holder system to organise the nobility and army

*The Navratnas or the nine famous intellectuals of Akbar’s court were Todar Mal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khana-i-Khana, Mullah-do-pyaza, Raja Man Singh, and Fakir Aziao-Din

4. Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)

*Fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir

*Akbar's son Jahangir executed the fifth Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev

*His greatest political failure was the loss of Kandahar to Persia in AD 1622

*The fourth Mughal emperor Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and conferred the titles of Nur Jahan on her

*Jahangir established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for those who sought royal justice

*Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited his court

*A few famous painters in Jahangir’s court were Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur, and Bishandas

5. Shah Jahan (AD 1628-1658)

*Fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

*Jahangir’s son, Shah Jahan annexed Ahmednagar while Bijapur and Golconda accepted him as their overlord

*Shah Jahan secured Kandahar in AD 1639

Shah Jahan’s court was visited by two Frenchmen Bernier and Tavernier, and an Italian adventurer Manucci

*Apart from the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan also built the Moti Mahal in Agra, and the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi

*Shah Jahan’s reign is considered the Golden Age of the Mughal architecture

6. Aurangzeb (Alamgir) (AD 1658-1707)

*Sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb

*Shah Jahan’s son and the last seriously notable Mughal emperor Aurangzeb secured the Mughal throne after a brutal war of succession with his brothers Dara, Shuja and Murad

*Aurangzeb issued a Royal Firman against Sati (in AD 1664 or 1666) and also gave a death penalty to those forcing widows to be burnt

*He was called Darvesh or a Zinda Pir

*He faced several rebellions during his rule, namely from the Jat Peasantry at Mathura, the Satnami Peasantry in Punjab, and the Bundelas in Bundelkhand

*The annexation of Marwar in AD 1658 led to a serious rift between Rajput and Mughals after the death of Raja Jaswant Singh

*Aurangzeb conquered Bijapur (AD 1686) and Golconda (AD 1687) and re-imposed Jaziya in AD 1679

*The Mughal empire conquests reached a climax during his rule. Aurangzeb’s empire stretched from Kashmir in the north to Jinji in the south, and from the Hindukush in the west to Chittagong in the east

Aurangzeb executed the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur in AD 1675

*Aurangzeb built Biwi ka Makbara on the tomb of his queen Rabaud-Durani at Aurangabad and Moti Mahal within Red Fort at Delhi, and the Jami or Badshahi Mosque at Lahore

Answer 2

Answer:

Down below

Explanation:

Babur (1526-1530)

He was the one who laid the foundation of Mughal Empire.

He was a Direct descendent of Mongol (Mughal) conqueror Chengiz Khan from his mothers side and Amir timur from his fathers side. He became the ruler of Farghana (Mainly his first kingdom to rule) also he occupied Samarkand. he was of eleven age that time. He lost both of his territories in 3 years and became a landless ruler. With his courage he again became a ruler of Kabul in Afghanistan in 1504 CE. He received a invitation from Daulat khan lodi ( a rebel of lodhi tribe). He invited babur to help in defeat Ibrahim khan lodi. Babur accepted the invitation. He raided the State of punjab and then returned to kabul. Daulat khan became a wary of Babur and planned to attack him. Babur defeated Daulat khan. Then he preceded to deafeat ibrahim lodi. Babur Won the following Battles

1. First battle of panipat
2. Battle of khanwa
3. Battle of Chanderi
4. Battle of Ghagra

He wrote his own biography name (Baburnama)

Humayun (1530-1540 CE and 1555- 1556)

Full name was - Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun. Popularly called as Humayun. He was the one who ascended the throne after his fathers (Babur's) death. After baburs death the kigdom became unstable and weak. Humayun was the king of the same. He faced constant threats from the Afghans and the Rajputs. Afghans the weaker ones still had their own rules and principalities (Independent). The most threatening was (Sher khan suri). Bahadur shah was the second one who was the ruler of Malwa of Gujrat and wanted to extend the region till Rajasthan.

Humayun's Captures-:

1. Attack on fort of Chunnar

Humayun attacked the fort of chunnar and also captured it. The ruler of fort chunnar befor the attack was of Sher khan Suri. The abandoned the siege was that humayun recieved information that bahadur shah was going to attack his kingdom. So he signed a treaty with Sher Khan Suri that till the time he will be loyal to Mughals he can keep the fort with him. Then he turned his attention towards Malwa.

       2.  Gujrat and Malwa

He captured Malwa and the whole of gujrat defeating Bahadur shah.

Sher Khan suri defeated Humayun in battle of Chausa and Kannauj.

After the death of Sherkhan suri the Afghan Empire weekend foreseeing this opportunity, Humayun recaptured his kingdom.

Akbar (1556-1605 CE)  

Akbar is considered one of the greatest Mughal Emperors consolidated the empire and laid the foundation of a secular state based on principles of religious tolerance universal brotherhood and political Unity I was born as a bird for on October 15 1842. he was born in the Rajput Fortress of America Princeton Review of to rule the Mughal Empire for 50 years that is 1556 to  1605. he became the greatest ruler of mediaeval India. who was mostly naxals Akbar bought of this incredible at household of his parental on girls Kamran Mirza and accessory Mishra. in 1856 Si Humayun Re established the Mughal ruled India Akbar was proclaimed as Mughal emperor the age of 13.  the second battle of Panipat it was fought in Punjab the Afghan King Sultan Muhammad dilshaad I am is thrown and plan to was a war against the Mughal Samrat hemchandra Vikramaditya aur him who was the chief minister and general of Odisha in 1556 see him let the Afghan army and captured the city of Delhi Hema declared himself as the emperor. Gwalior Ajmer and Jaipur Akbar sondos out to Shadow of his religion in 1560 that the age of 8 Undertaker charge other state a discrete least in the region I was made to go on a pilgrimage.

Jahangir

Emperor Akbar elder son nuruddin Mohammed Salim was born in 1516 popularly called as Jahangir. ascended The Throne of The consolidated Mughal empire in 1605 CE under the title of Jahangir a n arrested him was a prosperous and efficiency organise the initial years of his reign were mostly peaceful accept the rebellion by his eldest son Prince khusrau this rebellion was quite quickly like a virgin was just general during ruler and tolerant of all the religion contain most of the policy  

Conquests by jahangir  

Mewar

Kangra

Ahmednagar

Kandahar  

Shahjahan

After the death of Jahangir in 1627 In ascended The Throne for a brief period of 3 month as desired however USD pose and killed the order of his brother occupied The Throne in 1628. Shahar Shahar was mostly famous for the monuments that is built he is best remembered for the monument he made in Agra Taj Mahal. this beautiful monument in the memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal the Taj Mahal is built of white marble and decorated with semi precious stones also built a new city Shahjahanabad present on Delhi

 Aurangzeb

Mohammed Aurangzeb was a 6 and the last great ruler of Mughal dynasty was under the Throne in 1658 CE to the titles of proper of the world and Badshah Emperor.  

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