Write down the merits and demerits of layering
Answers
Answer:The advantages of the OSI model are
It is a generic model and acts as a guidance tool to develop any network model.
It is a layered model. Changes are one layer do not affect other layers, provided that the interfaces between the layers do not change drastically.
It distinctly separates services, interfaces, and protocols. Hence, it is flexible in nature. Protocols in each layer can be replaced very conveniently depending upon the nature of the network.
It supports both connection-oriented services and connectionless services.
The disadvantages of the OSI model are
It is purely a theoretical model that does not consider the availability of appropriate technology. This restricts its practical implementation.
The launching timing of this model was inappropriate. When OSI appeared, the TCP/IP protocols were already implemented. So, the companies were initially reluctant to use it.
The OSI model is very complex. The initial implementation was cumbersome, slow and costly.
Though there are many layers, some of the layers like the session layer and presentation layer have very little functionality when practically deployed.
There is a duplication of services in various layers. Services like addressing, flow control and error control are offered by multiple layers.
The standards of OSI model are theoretical and do not offer adequate solutions for practical network implementation.
After being launched, the OSI model did not meet the practical needs as well as the TCP/IP model. So it was labeled as inferior quality.
TCP/IP model was very much preferred by the academia. It was believed that OSI was a product of the European communities and the US government, who were trying to force an inferior model to researchers and programmers. Hence, there was considerable resistance in adopting it.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Making the intended plant's branch touch the earth is known as layering; this causes the branch to grow auxiliary roots. After that, this piece might be inserted into a different fresh plant. Benefits: Until the young plant is separated, the parent plant will provide food and water.
Explanation:
merits and demerits of layering are:
merits of layering are:
- It is a general model that may be used as a development tool for any network model.
- The model has layers. As long as the interfaces between the layers don't change significantly, changes to one layer don't affect changes to other layers.
- Services, interfaces, and protocols are clearly divided by it. As a result, it has a flexible character. Depending on the network's structure, each layer's protocols can easily be modified.
- It supports both connection-oriented services and connectionless services
demerits of layering are:
- It is only a theoretical model that disregards the accessibility of the necessary technologies. This limits how it may be used in practice.
- This model's release was timed incorrectly. The TCP/IP protocols were already in place when OSI first debuted. Consequently, the businesses were first hesitant to employ it.
- The OSI model is quite intricate. The first installation was difficult, expensive, and sluggish.
- Despite the fact that there are numerous levels, some of them, such as the session layer and the presentation layer, are essentially useless when implemented.
- Services are duplicated over a number of tiers. Multiple levels provide services including addressing, flow management, and error control.
- The OSI model standards are theoretical and do not provide sufficient answers for actual network implementation.
- The academic community strongly favored the TCP/IP paradigm. It was thought that OSI was the result of an effort by the US government and European communities to impose an inferior model on academics and programmers. As a result, adoption faced a lot of opposition.
- The OSI model is very complex. The initial implementation was cumbersome, slow, and costly.