Question

Write equations to remove permanent hardness of water by
1. Clark’s process
2. Permutit method
3. Washing soda

Answer 1

Hope it is helpful..............

Answer 2

Explanation:

Equations to remove permanent hardness of water by

1. Clark’s process

Ca(HCO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)->2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O(l)

Clark's process is a method that is used in large-scale to remove temporary hardness from water. Clark's process is done by adding of slaked lime.

2. Permutit method

In this method, sodium aluminum ortho silicate also known as permutit or zeolite is been used to remove permanent hardness from water.

Reaction: Na2 Al2 Si2 O8.KH2O + Ca++→ 2Na+ + Ca Al2 Si2 O8.xH2O

3. Washing soda

Washing soda is known as Sodium carbonate Na2Co3. It removes the  temporary and permanent hardness from water.

Ca2+(aq) + NaCo3(aq) ----- CuCo3(s) + 2Na+(aq)