write five features of model
Answers
Explanation:
The first two general features of scientific models describe the nature and functions of a model.
1.
A model is always related to a target (Duit & Glynn, 1996; Gilbert, 1991; Gilbert & Boulter, 1997) and is designed for a special purpose (Bullock & Trombley, 1999). The target, or subject (cf. Rothbart, 2004), is the actual object of research. The target may be an object, a phenomenon, an event, a process, a system, or an idea. A model is always a representation of the target, but the way in which the target is represented in the model (e.g., three dimensional model, mathematical equation) may be quite different, mostly depending on the purpose of the model. Nevertheless, it should always be possible to identify both the model and the target, and to distinguish between the two.
2.
A model serves as a research tool that is used to obtain information about the target which itself cannot be easily observed or measured directly (Mayer, 1992). A model is used to learn about the less known (i.e., the target) by comparing it to something that is more familiar (Bertels & Nauta, 1969; cf. Kuhn, 1970, on ‘heuristic models’). The purpose of a model in scientific research is mostly to predict or to explain (Bullock & Trombley, 1999).
The next two features refer to the criteria a model must fulfil:
3.a
A model bears some analogies to the target. From analogies between the target and the model, certain aspects may be explained (cf. ‘analogical models,’ Hempel, 1965).
3.b
These analogies enable the researcher to reach the purpose of the model; in particular to derive hypotheses from the model or to make predictions, which may be tested while studying the target (Hesse, 1966). Regardless of its purpose, every model maps elements of the target (Bullock & Trombley, 1999). Studying the model should enable the researcher to obtain information and to reformulate it into a hypothesis or a prediction that refers to the target under consideration. In this way the researcher knows what to look for and where and when to look for it (Black, 1962).
4.
A model differs in certain respects from the target. The differences make the model more accessible for research than the target (Woody, 1995). If a model were exactly like its target, it would not be a model but a copy. The differences between model and target depend on the use to which the model is put (Rothbart, 2004). In general, a model is kept as simple as possible (Bertels & Nauta, 1969). Depending on the specific research interests, some elements of the target are deliberately excluded from the model (Black, 1962). Other elements may be included although they are not similar to or shared with the target (cf. ‘negative analogies,’ Hesse, 1966; Rothbart, 2004). Usually, a model is much simpler than the target in order to make the target accessible for observation or other means of research. The target may be too small (an atom), too big (the universe) or too complex for direct observation, there may be ethical inhibitions (the human brain) or technical obstacles (the centre of the earth), or it may be difficult for other reasons to directly examine the target. The model is supposed to offer an alternative way of obtaining information about such an inaccessible target.
The last four features describe the selection and development of a model.
5.
Since having analogies (3.a) and being different (4.) lead to contradictory demands on the model, a model will always be the result of a compromise between these demands (Black, 1962; Van Hoeve-Brouwer, 1996). The researcher is usually confronted with a choice between a complex model that resembles the target in many ways, and a simpler model that is easier to handle. The choice will depend on the nature of the research problem, on the facilities such as time and money that are available, and on the personal preference of the researcher.
Answer:
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