write functions of different cell Organells
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Nucleus/DNA
* Some of the main components of the nucleus include the chromatic, nucleoplasm/nuclear sap and the nucleolus.
In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane. It is the organelle that controls the hereditary traits of an organism by directing such processes as protein synthesis and cell division among others.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are tiny organelles that contain RNA and specific proteins within the cytoplasm. Within the cell, ribosomes are directly involved in the manufacture of proteins by using their RNA and amino acids.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are some of the largest organelles. Compared to some of the other organelles, mitochondria contain DNA which makes them semiautonomous. Mitochondria also contain a double-membrane with the inner membrane folding to form cristae.
Also known as the powerhouse, mitochondria play an important role in respiration where they generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from substrates in the presence of oxygen.
Vacuoles
It is surrounded by a membrane and filled with a fluid. Vacuoles store various molecules including enzymes, waste products of the cell, water, and even food material depending on the type of cell.
In cases were vacuoles contain waste products of the cell, they are also involved in the exportation of waste from the cell thus protecting the cell from toxicity.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. By spreading throughout the cell (in the cytoplasm), the cytoskeleton helps maintain the shape of the cell while also ensuring its elasticity.
Plastids
Plastids are a type of organelle found in plant cells and algae. Like mitochondria, plastids are membrane-bound organelles that contain nucleoids. As such, they are also semi-autonomous organelles.
There are different types of plastids that include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, gerontoplasts, and leucoplasts.
Chloroplast - Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll that captures energy from sunlight for photosynthesis. Therefore, the chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis (the process through which plants produce food)
Chromoplasts - Chromoplasts are present in certain photosynthetic eukaryotes. They are primarily involved in the production and storage of pigments (carotenoid pigments). These pigments are involved in absorbing light energy as well as protecting chlorophyll in some plants.
Leucoplast - Compared to the other plastids, leucoplasts are unpigmented organelles. Leucoplast is specialized for such functions as the storage of starch (amyloplasts), lipids (elaioplasts) and proteins (proteinoplasts).
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Found in eukaryotic cells, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the organelle that forms an interconnected network of flattened sacs (cisternae). Like some of the other organelles found in eukaryotes, ER is enclosed in a membrane. The ER is divided into two regions that vary in structure and function.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - The smooth ER is named so because it lacks a ribosome on its surface. As a result, it is more smooth in appearance as compared to the rough ER. It is involved in the synthesis of lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and carbohydrates that are used to build the cell membrane.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Unlike the smooth ER, rough ER has ribosome attached to its surface. It's involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell. On the other hand, the rough ER is involved in the production of antibodies, insulin as well as transportation of proteins into the smooth ER.
Centriole
Centrioles are cylindrical organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They contain tube-shaped molecules known as microtubules that help separate chromosomes and move them during cell division.
Lysosome
Conditions inside lysosomes have been shown to be acidic. These conditions are maintained by the lysosome membrane thus providing favorable conditions for the enzymes to perform their functions.
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi apparatus are found in eukaryotic and are highly folded into cisternae (flattened sacs). They are enclosed in a membrane that varies in thickness from different regions.
In the cell, Golgi apparatus are actively involved in the manufacturing, storage as well as transportation of products from the ER.
Cell Wall - Some books do not consider the cell wall to be an organelle. However, it's one of the most important components of plant cells. The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and serves to strengthen and protect the cell.
Cytoplasm - is also not considered as an organelle in some books. However, it is an important component of the cell. Cell cytoplasm is composed of protoplasm in which all the other cell organelles are suspended.
Many of the cell processes (protein synthesis, respiration etc) take place in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm also plays an important role in the movement of various materials around the cell.
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