Question

Write in brief
1. Write a note on:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
French
What stons did the fronohrovautinarika​

Answer 1

Briefly Explained :

⠀$\underline{\bf{Giuseppe \: Mazzini}}$

• He was the Italian revolutionary , born in Genoa in 1807, who became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

• As a young man of 24 he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

• He subsequently founded two more underground societies.

${\longrightarrow{\sf{Young \: Italy \: in \: Marseilles}}}$

${\longrightarrow{\sf{Young \: Europe \: in \: Berne}}}$

• Their members were like minded young men from Poland , France, Italy and the German states.

• Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

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$\underline{\bf{Count \: Camillo \: di \: Cavour}}$

• He was the Chief Minister of Piedmont.

• He led the movement to unify the region's of Italy.

• He was neither a revolutionary nor democratic.

• Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than did Italian.

• Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia - Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

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$\underline{\bf{The \: Greek \: War \: of \: Independence }}$

• An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of Independence.

• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.

• The spark of Greek revolution began in 1821.

• Nationalist in Greece got support from the other Greeks living in exile.

• Many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture also supported Greece.

• Poets and artists considered Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support it's struggle against a Muslim empire.

• Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an Independent Nation.

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$\underline{\bf{Frankfurt \: Parliament}}$

• In the German regions, a large number of political associations, whose members were middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an All German National Assembly.

• On 18th May , 1848 , 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul.

• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

• When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Frederick William - IV , King of Prussia , he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

• While opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger , the social basis of parliament eroded.

• The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.

• In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

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$\underline{\bf{The \: role \: of \: Women \: in \: nationalist \: struggle}}$

• The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement.

• In these movements, large number of women participated actively over the years.

• Women had formed their own political associations , founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.

• Despite this they were denied right to vote during the elections of Assembly.

• When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the church of St. Paul , women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor's gallery.

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Answer 2

Answer:

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