write in brief about the Vedic literature and social organisation of Vedic time
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Vedic period
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The Vedic period, or the Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (ca. 1300–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the Urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE. The Vedas are liturgical texts which formed the basis of modern day Hinduism, which also developed in the Kuru Kingdom. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical[1][note 1] and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Vedic culture to be traced and inferred.[2]
Early Vedic period
Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
Geographical range
Indian subcontinent
Period
Bronze Age India
Dates
c. 1500 – c. 1100 BCE
Preceded by
Indus Valley Civilisation
Cemetery H culture
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
Followed by
Late Vedic period, Kuru Kingdom, Panchala, Videha
Late Vedic period
Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
Geographical range
Indian subcontinent
Period
Iron Age India
Dates
c. 1100 – c. 500 BCE
Preceded by
Early Vedic culture
Followed by
Haryanka dynasty, Mahajanapada
The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted with precision in this period. The Vedic society was patriarchal and patrilineal.[note 2] Early Indo-Aryans were a Late Bronze Age society centred in the Punjab, organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a pastoral way of life.
Around c. 1200–1000 BCE Vedic culture spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges Plain. Iron tools were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, kingdoms, and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India,[2] and the Kuru Kingdom's codification of orthodox sacrificial ritual.[3][4] During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic culture, of Greater Magadha. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called mahajanapadas) as well as śramaṇa movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.[5]
The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes that would remain influential. Vedic religion developed into Brahmanical orthodoxy, and around the beginning of the Common Era, the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of "Hindu synthesis".[6]
Archaeological cultures identified with phases of vedic culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara grave culture, the black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.[7]
History
Culture
Archaeology
Puranic chronology of the Vedic period
See also
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
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