Write in detail about antibiotics from marine organisms
Answers
The marine biosphere offers a wide range of invaluable and unique compounds which possess diverse biological properties, among which are antitumor, anticancer, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, anti-inflammation etc. A great number of natural products originate directly from marine animals such as sponges, cnidarians, and mollusks while some arise from microbes like bacteria or fungi which are linked to other organisms or dwell in marine sediment. Nevertheless, a huge number of marine microorganisms producing significant natural products have long been underexplored due to the difficulty in their cultivation and isolation in the laboratory. Microorganisms striving under specific circumstances such as extreme variations in temperature, pressure, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients availability generate antimicrobial or antibiotics having vast inhibitory potential against harmful gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics produced by different marine organisms belong to various chemical classes including protein, polypeptides, lipopeptides, thiopeptides, dicarboxylic acids, macrolactones etc. Moreover, it is of great interest for scientists to be able to depict the mode of action of antibiotics against pathogens which will permit them to fortify its ability to kill or disrupt its target without any side effects. For instance, cell membrane interruption and permeation, adenosine triphosphate and RNA suppression as well as DNA degradation are factors promoting bacterial death. However, a major threat to humanity which is on the top priority list worldwide is the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics which is drastically increasing the rate of patients with infectious diseases. As a result, it has become a necessity for researchers to make the most out of the newest technologies, methodologies, expertise, as well as the intensification of international collaboration for advanced investigation on marine organisms producing antibiotics. The chapter will focus mainly on the antibiotics produced by marine organisms, its related chemistry as well as its mechanism of action.
.
Source:- Google
.
If you have trouble in understanding it just ask me I'll make the things easier!