Write in detail about Societal set up of Harappa Civilization
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Answer:
The social and economic life of of the people of Harappan Civilization was systematic and organized. The Indus valley population consisted of Australoid, Mediterranean, Mongoloid and Alpine races. The approximate population of Mohenjo-Daro was 35000.
Food
The food of the Harappans was supplied from extensive areas cultivated in vicinity of the city. Rice was probably grown in the Indus valley. The staple food of the people comprised wheat, barley, rice, milk and some vegetables like peas, sesamums and fruits like date palms. Beef, mutton, pork, poultry, fish etc. were also eaten by the Indus people. Agriculture appears to be the main occupation of the Indus people. The discovery of a granary at Harappa lends support to this.
Clothing
The discovery of large number of spindles proves the use of cotton for weaving social cloths. Wool was also used. The garments might have been sewn. Both men and women used two pieces of cloth. The men folk wore some lower garment like dhoti and upper garment like shawl. The upper garment wrapped the left shoulder. Female attire was the same as that of men. Men wore long hair, parted in the middle and kept tidy at the back. The women of Indus valley usually wore long hair in a braid with fan-shaped bow at the end. The females of the Indus valley had a taste for culture like their modern sisters. The “vanity case” and the toilet jars found at Harappa consisted of ivory powder, face-paint and many other varieties of cosmetics.
Decoration
Most of the house-hold articles were made of pottery or of metals like copper and bronze. The art of pottery attained a wonderful excellence at Mohenjo-Daro.
Utensils and Tools
Most of the kitchen utensils including jars, vessels, dishes etc. were made of earth and stone. There is lack of defensive weapons like sword. Chairs and tools were used for decorating rooms and for sitting comfortably.
Pastimes
Hunting of wild animals, bull fighting, fishing and clay modeling were general social amusements of people. It is suggested by scholars that there was strong family organizations among them. The craftsmen taught their skill in crafting to their children. The toys were used by children of the family.
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Introduction:
The Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
The principal towns of Indus valley civilization were Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal. The important characteristic of Indus valley civilization is cleanliness, town outlining, the architecture of burnt-brick dwellings, ceramics, molding, forging of metals, construction of cotton and woolen textiles.
Societal Setup:
Religion:
Most prominent religious figures are Unicorn, so called Pashupati / Proto-shiva,, seven mothers (sapta matrika) and compound creatures. The later three are now inculcated in Hindu religion. The mother goddess was dominant shows that the society was predominantly matriarchal. The protoshiva or pashupati seems to be the only one male deity as depicted on seals.
This representation has at least three concepts which are usually associated with Shiva, that he is (i) Trimukha (three-faced), (ii) Pashupati (Lord of animals), and (iii) Yogisvara or Mahayogi.
Talisman:
On a seal is depicted a six-rayed motif which may signify the sun. Swastiks and cross signs were harbingers of good luck. A shell inlay, shaped like a heart, was probably used as a Talisman.
Food:
Both veg and nonveg life. There are evidences of cultivation of Wheat, Barley, Rice, Date, melon, lemon etc. people were cattle herders and used milk and milk products. There are evidences that people made sweets. Half burnt bones give evidence of nonveg life.
Dress:
A figure of a bearded man has been found in Mohenjo-Daro which indicated that they used sewn clothing’s. The cloth used to cover the torso in the upper part of the body in such as way that it kept right hand Free. There are evidences that they people took interest in cosmetics and had great aesthetic sense. Men kept long hair and kept bread or also shaven beard.
Sports and Entertainments:
The large number of terracotta figurines and toys such as cart, bull, elephant, monkeys, chariots; whistles etc. indicate that the children entertained themselves. There are no clear evidences of Music in the civilization; however, the finding of a dance girl bronze figurine gives some insight about the social entertainment.
Science & Technology:
The Harappan civilization was the womb of mathematics from where both the concept of numbers and the numerical system originated. The numerical system developed by the Harappan included symbols for most numbers and several innovations for mathematical manipulations such as addition and multiplication.
Tools, arms and weapons:
They are made up of Copper and Bronze. They were unaware of the use of Iron. The Harappan people were generally peace loving and had not much arms and weapons in their kitty.
Burial Practice:
All Indus valley sites have distinct burial of the dead practice. Surkotda and Dholavira are two sites where the burial practice resembled the megalithic practice.
Economy:
The economy was based upon agriculture as well as trade. Commerce was important and there were links from overseas places.
Agriculture:
The agriculture was in flourishing condition which was due to timely and good rains. They sowed many crops including the rice, wheat, cotton, barley etc. Other crops were dates, melon, pea etc.
In Harappa, 3 principle varieties of Wheat were sown; three varieties of barleys were also sown. The cultivation of lentils, mustard, linseed, Sesamum has been found.
Transportation:
The carts and chariots were means of transport. For sea trade big boats were there to serve the purpose.
Weights and Measurements:
The weights and measurements were calibrated to a considerable extent. The measures were standardized and perhaps there is binary system in use. A scale made up of Elephant tusk has been found at Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal.
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