write min(25) to max (all) functional groups
max answer will be marked as brainliest
Answers
functional groups
Benzyl acetate has an ester functional group (in red), an acetyl moiety (circled with dark green) and a benzyloxy moiety (circled with light orange). Other divisions can be made.
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.[1][2] This allows for systematic prediction of chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and design of chemical syntheses.
Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanesgenerates what is termed a systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds. In traditional nomenclature, the first carbon atom after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the alpha carbon; the second, beta carbon, the third, gamma carbon, etc. If there is another functional group at a carbon, it may be named with the Greek letter, e.g., the gamma-amine in gamma-aminobutyric acid is on the third carbon of the carbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. IUPAC conventions call for numeric labeling of the position, e.g. 4-aminobutanoic acid. In traditional names various qualifiers are used to label isomers, for example, isopropanol (IUPAC name: propan-2-ol) is an isomer of n-propanol (propan-1-ol).
Table of common functional groupsEdit
The following is a list of common functional groups.[3] In the formulas, the symbols R and R' usually denote an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms.
HydrocarbonsEdit
Functional groups, called hydrocarbyl, that contain only carbon and hydrogen, but vary in the number and order of double bonds. Each one differs in type (and scope) of reactivity.
Chemical classGroupFormulaStructural FormulaePrefixSuffixExampleAlkaneAlkylR(CH2)nHalkyl--ane
EthaneAlkeneAlkenylR2C=CR2alkenyl--ene
Ethylene
(Ethene)AlkyneAlkynylRC≡CR'{\displaystyle {\ce {R-C#C-R'}}}alkynyl--yne{\displaystyle {\ce {H-C#C-H}}}
Acetylene
(Ethyne)Benzene derivativePhenylRC6H5
RPhphenyl--benzene
Cumene
(Isopropylbenzene)
There are also a large number of branched or ring alkanes that have specific names, e.g., tert-butyl, bornyl, cyclohexyl, etc. Hydrocarbons may form charged structures: positively charged carbocations or negative carbanions. Carbocations are often named -um. Examples are tropylium and triphenylmethyl cations and the cyclopentadienyl anion.
Groups containing halogenEdit
Haloalkanes are a class of molecule that is defined by a carbon–halogen bond. This bond can be relatively weak (in the case of an iodoalkane) or quite stable (as in the case of a fluoroalkane). In general, with the exception of fluorinated compounds, haloalkanes readily undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions or elimination reactions. The substitution on the carbon, the acidity of an adjacent proton, the solvent conditions, etc. all can influence the outcome of the reactivity.
Chemical classGroupFormulaStructural FormulaPrefixSuffixExamplehaloalkanehaloRX{\displaystyle {\ce {R-X}}}halo-alkyl halide
Chloroethane
(Ethyl chloride)fluoroalkanefluoroRF{\displaystyle {{\ce {R-F}}}}fluoro-alkyl fluoride
Fluoromethane
(Methyl fluoride)chloroalkanechloroRCl{\displaystyle {{\ce {R-Cl}}}}chloro-alkyl chloride
Chloromethane
(Methyl chloride)bromoalkanebromoRBr{\displaystyle {{\ce {R-Br}}}}bromo-alkyl bromide
Bromomethane
(Methyl bromide)iodoalkaneiodoRI{\displaystyle {{\ce {R-I}}}}iodo-alkyl iodide
Iodomethane
(Methyl iodide)Groups containing oxygenEdit
Compounds that contain C-O bonds each possess differing reactivity based upon the location and hybridization of the C-O bond, owing to the electron-withdrawing effect of sp-hybridized oxygen (carbonyl groups) and the donating effects of sp2-hybridized oxygen (alcohol groups).
Chemical classGroupFormulaStructural FormulaPrefixSuffixExampleAlcoholHydroxylROH
hydroxy--ol
MethanolKetoneCarbonylRCOR'-oyl- (-COR')
or
oxo- (=O)-one
Butanone
(Methyl ethyl ketone)AldehydeAldehydeRCHOformyl- (-COH)
or
oxo- (=O)-al
Acetaldehyde
(Ethanal)Acyl halideHaloformylRCOXcarbonofluoridoyl-
carbonochloridoyl-
carbonobromidoyl-
carbonoiodidoyl--oyl halide
Acetyl chloride
(Ethanoyl chloride)CarbonateCarbonate esterROCOOR' (alkoxycarbonyl)oxy-alkyl carbonate
Triphosgene
(bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate)CarboxylateCarboxylateRCOO−
carboxy--oate