write notes on ghandian era
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist, who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British Rule, and in turn inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "great-souled", "venerable"), first applied to him in 1914 in South Africa, is now used throughout the world.
Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi was trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and called to the bar at age 22 in June 1891. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to stay for 21 years. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family, and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule.
The same year Gandhi adopted the Indian loincloth, or short dhoti and, in the winter, a shawl, both woven with yarn hand-spun on a traditional Indian spinning wheel, or charkha, as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. Thereafter, he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community, ate simple vegetarian food, and undertook long fasts as a means of self-purification and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 miles) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India.
Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest.
Explanation:
Answer:
On January 9, 1915, Gandhiji returned from South Africa where he was worked as a barrister but due to some racial discrimination, he returned to India. Gandhiji’s Satyagraha was actually started in South Africa initially.
The first participation of Gandhiji in Congress session was in 1901, Calcutta session under the presidentship of Bal Krishna Gokhale. Gandhiji assumed Gokhale also his political guru.
Gokhale established Servants of Indian Society in 1905 and he wanted to admit Gandhiji as a member but other party members did not agree with Gandhiji’s opinion. As a result, Gandhiji was not able to be part of his society.
Gandhiji came to India in the year 1915 but his active participation in Indian politics can be traced with the Champaran Satyagraha (1917) Kheda Satyagraha 91918) and Ahmadabad Mill workers strike (1918) respectively.
Durin the Gandhian period, the objective of Congress was the attainment of Swaraj by all legitimate means.
Gandhiji advocated the adoption of the policy of Satyagraha (literal persistence in truth), i.e., non-violent, non-cooperation towards the government.
Gandhiji emerged as the most popular and acceptable figure in Indian politics because of his technique of mass mobilization.
Champaran Satyagraha:
The British indigo planters in Champion (Bihar) oppressed the Indian cultivators most severely. He forced the Indian farmers to grow indigo in 3/20th part of the land which is under the control of British Planters, for which Indian farmers would also pay rent/taxes.
But in the year 1917, the chemical die was invented in Germany and also the condition of famine occurred in India. So, the indigo farming experienced a huge loss. As a result, the British levied a huge tax amount on Indian farmers as compensation for the loss.
Gandhiji went to Champaran on an instance of Rajkumar Shukla, a local farmer and started making inquiries of the grievances of the cultivators.
The district authorities ordered him to leave Champaran and he defined the orders. The government then was forced to appoint a committee of inquiry on which Gandhiji served as a member.
The British planters under the guidance of government signed as agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the poor farmers of the region and cancellations of revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended. thus Gandhiji emerged successful in his first struggle against oppression in India.
Some of the leaders associated with Gandhiji in this Satyagraha were J.B. Kripalani, Rajendra Prasad, Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parikh etc.
Based on this movement, a book ‘ neel darpan’ was written by Dinbandhu Mitra.
Ahmedabad Mill Workers Strike:
In the year 1917-18, severe famine conditions and plague affected the Indian farmers and people’s. So, in Ahmedabad mill owners given a bonus to the workers and asked them to return the bonus partially.
After conditions got improved, workers demanded an extension of salary but the mill owners were against the demand. So, in 1918, Gandhiji intervened in a dispute between the workers and mill owners and he took a fast death to force a compromise.
Finally, the mill owner agreed to give rise of 35 percent in wages to the workers.
Kheda Satyagraha:
In 1918, a terrible famine had struck Kheda and a large part of Gujarat and virtually destroyed the agrarian country.
The British government insisted that the farmers not only pay full taxes but also pay the 23% increase stated to take effect that very year but the farmers demanded the exemption of land revenue due to the famine conditions.
Gandhiji and Vallabh Bhai Patel enquired into this matter and finally found that the actual suffers was small farmers. So, they must be getting exemption.
To protest the government’s decision, a Satyagraha was called was initiated by Mohanlal Pandya along with the support of Gandhiji, Vallabh bhai Patel, Indulal Yagnik, Mahadev Desai.
The government finally sought to foster an honorable agreement for both parties. the tax for the year in question and the next would be suspended and the increase in rate reduced, while are confiscated property be returned