write on a long list of scientific name of plant and animal
Answers
The format for writing scientific names is standardized and internationally accepted. “Scientific nomenclature” refers to various names according to a specific field of study. This article is the first in a series on scientific nomenclature within specific kingdoms.
Usually, animals & plants are identified by common and scientific names.
Common name: These are used locally and may vary by region or country.
Scientific name: These are unique names used by the scientific community to accurately and universally identify species.
International Codes of Nomenclature
Taxonomists have established several “codes” for scientific nomenclature. These codes are universal and are periodically updated by consensus. The protocol for naming species was invented in the 1700s by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus. Linnaeus created the system of “binomial nomenclature,” which uses only two designations–genus and specific epithet as the species name.
In the mid-1800s, scientists agreed on an expanded system of nomenclature. The following codes are used today:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria recently changed to International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature.
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses–publishes several reports including How to Write a Virus Name.
Common names of species can vary by geographic region but a universal protocol helps avoid ambiguity and ensures consistency.
Hierarchy
Known as the “taxonomic hierarchy,” the system consists of several groups of species based on genetic and phylogenic characteristics. The highest level is the “kingdom.” The first kingdom comprised only two types of living organisms—animals and plants. We have seven classifications within the kingdom domain—Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
Note that the designations are in Latin. This could be challenging for some who are not familiar with that language; however, the terms are globally consistent. There is no need to interpret them or translate them into another language.
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The levels from highest to lowest classification are as follows:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Suborder
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies
Using this system, the gray wolf, for example, would be identified as follows:
Kingdom: Animalia.
Phylum: Chordata.
Class: Mammalia.
Order: Carnivora.
Suborder: Caniformia.
Family: Canidae.
Genus:
Species: lupus.
Binomial Name
The binomial name consists of a genus name and specific epithet. The scientific names of species are italicized. The genus name is always capitalized and is written first; the specific epithet follows the genus name and is not capitalized. There is no exception to this.
From above example, note that the classifications go from general (Animalia) to specific (C. lupus). A species, by definition, is the combination of both the genus and specific epithet, not just the epithet. For example, we can use the term gray wolf but we cannot use just Canis or lupus to describe this animal. Canis lupus is a species.
Animal Kingdom
When writing, we use both the scientific name and the “common” name on the first mention. We then choose which to use throughout and make it consistent.
Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is native to North America and Eurasia.
In subsequent references, we can use either the common or scientific name. If we use the scientific name, we need only to use the first letter of the genus followed by a period and the specific epithet. For example:
In North America, the gray wolf was nearly hunted to extinction.
In North America, C. lupus was nearly hunted to extinction.
It is also common to refer to several species under one genus when you want to p