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The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve firsts in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II. The technological advantage required to rapidly achieve spaceflight milestones was seen as necessary for national security, and mixed with the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race led to pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
The competition began in earnest on August 2, 1955 when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful launch with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR also sent the first woman, Valentina Tereshkova, to space on June 16, 1963, with numerous other firsts taking place over the next few years with regards to flight duration, spacewalks, and related activities. According to Russian sources, these achievements lead to the conclusion that the USSR had an advantage in space technology in the early 1960s.
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UNIDIR’s mandate is contained in its General Assembly approved Statute
establishing the Institute as an autonomous body within the UN System for the purpose
of undertaking independent research on disarmament. That mandate requires us to
provide the international community with more diversified and complete data on
disarmament and international security related subjects; to promote informed
participation by all States in disarmament; to assist ongoing negotiations by means of
objective and factual studies and analysis and to carry out in-depth forward looking
research into disarmament problems.
In 1989, with the cooperation of the Secretariat of the Conference on
Disarmament (CD), UNIDIR initiated a series of research guides on the proceedings of
ongoing discussions and negotiations on multilateral arms limitation and disarmament
in that forum. This series of research guides is coordinated by Thomas Bemauer, a
research associate at UNIDIR, and Dr Jozef Goldblat, who serves as a consultant to the
project. Research guides are not aimed to be compendia of proposals or as summary
records. They are intended to provide diplomats and researchers with analytical
descriptions and ready reference tools to the present status of discussions and the
background to the issues being discussed. Research guides, therefore, trace the origin and
evolution of disarmament issues debated in the CD and external developments relevant
for the understanding of the positions of the various delegations in disarmament
discussions.
UNIDIR has already published two volumes - one on the negotiations towards a
Chemical Weapons Convention, by Thomas Bemauer, and the other on a Nuclear Test
Ban, by Thomas Schmalberger. UNIDIR has been greatly encouraged by the positive
response in the diplomatic and academic communities to the publication of this series
and to the wide use being made of these research guides.
The present volume on the prevention of an arms race in outer space was written
by P6ricles Gasparini Alves who is a research associate at UNIDIR. UNIDIR hopes that
this volume will be especially useful to members of the CD. The views expressed in this
publication are the responsibility of the author and not of UNIDIR. Although UNIDIR
customarily takes no position on the views and conclusions expressed by the individual
authors it does assume responsibility for determining whether research reports merit
publication and, consequently, we commend this report to the attention of its readers.
UNIDIR would like to thank the Ford Foundation who kindly funds this series