write recommendations to water
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Answer:
Explanation:
The National Water-Use Information Program (NWUIP) is responsible for the collection and dissemination of data on the use of water resources within the United States. This is the nation’s only assessment of such data. As the nation’s source of unbiased science-based information on water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is uniquely qualified to compile and provide water use information. This information is essential to the nation to maintain a national water inventory, assure the nation’s water supply, evaluate whether water supplies are sufficient for current and future needs, and evaluate the quality and quantity of water available for ecological resources.
The NWUIP is different from other water resources programs of the USGS. It is the only USGS water resources program in which the USGS does not have the principal responsibility for primary data collection. Instead, the USGS generally compiles existing data from other federal, state, and local sources. The quality of these data, therefore, is highly variable and depends upon the interests of the state or local cooperators. For this reason there are significant differences among USGS districts in data collection and/or estimation procedures, quality assessment procedures, and data distribution and accessibility. Financial support for the NWUIP largely comes from the USGS Cooperative Water (Coop) Program, whose funds are generally unavailable in states making little effort to collect water use data. This makes it difficult for USGS district offices in states not providing matching funds to compile their state’s information for the five-year national water use summary reports (a key product of the NWUIP). These reports, “Estimated Water Use in the United States,” have been published every five years since 1950 and are one of the most widely cited publications of the USGS.
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Suggested Citation:"9. Conclusions and Recommendations." National Research Council. 2002. Estimating Water Use in the United States: A New Paradigm for the National Water-Use Information Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/10484.×
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Water use data are collected at various spatial scales: for political units such as counties and states and for water resources units such as river basins, aquifers, and hydrologic units. The merit of using political units is that ancillary information on population and economic variables is readily available for them if indirect estimates of water use are needed. The merit of using water resources units is that water use can readily be linked to water availability and to the annual water budget. Where available, site-specific water use data can be summed over any required geographic area to create aggregated water use estimates.
The USGS collects water use data for a set of water use categories, and it differentiates the use of surface water from groundwater. The water use categories include public water supply, industrial and commercial use, irrigation, livestock and domestic use, and, in some states, other water uses such as aquaculture and mining. Of these categories, the most systematic data are available for public water supply. Local water utilities maintain extensive records of water pumping and household water use required for billing. Supplemental data (including population served, source waters, and treatment processes) are available for every public water supply system through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Information System.
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