Write short note.
1. Raziya, a powerful female ruler
2. Allaudin Khilji
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
1.Raziya was the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish of Slave dynasty. She was a capable lady and due to the incompetence of his sons, Iltutmish raised her to the throne with the help of the people of Delhi. She had to face resistance from rulers of other provinces, where the army secured her position as the ruler. The nobility maintained her position against the resistance shown from within .Razia sultana was a brave, intelligent and just woman ruler. Being a woman did not deter her from fulfilling her work as the ruler of the empire. She sat in an open durbar and carried out its day-to-day affairs. She dressed like a man and rode elephants and horses. She led armies into battles. She was a ruler who regfter the death of Iltutmish, Razia became the first woman Sultan of Delhi in 1236. The biggest problem she faced was that the powerful Turkish nobles were reluctant to accept a woman as the ruler of Delhi.
The nobles wanted a puppet ruler who could govern according to their wishes. Razia however was not willing to rule according to their desires.
Razia Sultan dressed like a man and led armies into battlefield. She did not practice ‘purdah’, held open court, listened to the problems of her subjects. Her manly ways disgusted the nobles who did not want a woman to appear in a court dressed as a man without the burqa.
When the provincial governors of some territories revolted against her, she failed to crush their power.
Later, Razia married Altunia, the leader of a rebel group, to pacify them. However, both Razia and Altunia were killed in 1240.arded the welfare of her subjects as her prime duty.
2.Alauddin Khalji, arguably the most prominent leader of the Khalji dynasty, wanted to increase the revenues of the Sultanate and invaded the South to serve this purpose. He did not annex the South Indian kingdoms and only asked them to pay tribute and accept his suzerainty.
He did not let ulemas interfere in the administrative matters and did not apply Muslim sharia law as it is in all matters and rather used discretion. He never applied for Manshur by the Caliph.
Alauddin Khilji was the last prominent ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Historians have different views about his character and achievements. Barani has commented, “Alauddin could not read or write a letter, and was bad-tempered, obstinate and hard-hearted; fortune befriended him and his schemes were generally successful.” Historians like S. R. Sharma, Dr. K. S. Lai, Dr. R. C. Majumdar and Lanepoole have also praised him for his successes achieved during his life time which were great and unique in the sphere of territorial expansion and administrative reforms. Hence Dr. K. S. Lai remarks, “From a humble backgournd, he rose to be one of the great rulers of medieval India.” He adopted a cruel and stern manner to establish his authority and awarded severe punishments to his opponents and rebels in order to create terror among them. His greatest achievement was that in the medieval period for the first time in his reign, political unity of India was established. He also introduced certain economic reforms which benefitted people living in and around Delhi.
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