Write short notes on absorption based non-linear kinetics and its pharmacokinetic consequences.
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Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacologydedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as: pharmaceutical drugs,pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. It attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and to discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects a drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.
IUPAC definition
'Pharmacokinetics: 1) Process of the uptake of drugs by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the drugs and their metabolites from the body over a period of time. 2) Study of such processes[1]
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OverviewEdit
Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific xenobiotic/chemical after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the metabolic changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 orglucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug.[2] Pharmacokinetic properties of chemicals are affected by the route of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate.[3]
Models have been developed to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a chemical substance. One of these, the multi-compartmental model, is the most commonly used approximations to reality; however, the complexity involved in adding parameters with that modelling approach means thatmonocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as theADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption):
Liberation – the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical for
IUPAC definition
'Pharmacokinetics: 1) Process of the uptake of drugs by the body, the biotransformation they undergo, the distribution of the drugs and their metabolites in the tissues, and the elimination of the drugs and their metabolites from the body over a period of time. 2) Study of such processes[1]
Contents
OverviewEdit
Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific xenobiotic/chemical after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the metabolic changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 orglucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug.[2] Pharmacokinetic properties of chemicals are affected by the route of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate.[3]
Models have been developed to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a chemical substance. One of these, the multi-compartmental model, is the most commonly used approximations to reality; however, the complexity involved in adding parameters with that modelling approach means thatmonocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as theADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption):
Liberation – the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical for
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