Question

Write short notes on(any two) a.INGRES Algorithm B. Simplification of query C.data independence and ANSI SPARC architecture​

Answer 1

Explanation:

The ANSI-SPARC Architecture, where ANSI-SPARC stands for American National Standards Institute, Standards Planning And Requirements Committee, is an abstract design standard for a Database Management System (DBMS), first proposed in 1975.[1]

The ANSI-SPARC Three-level architecture.

The ANSI-SPARC model however never became a formal standard. No mainstream DBMS systems are fully based on it (they tend not to exhibit full physical independence or to prevent direct user access to the conceptual level), but the idea of logical data independence is widely adopted.