Write short notes on Genome Mapping.
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Genome mapping
For lots of different organisms—humans, mice, and even a few exotic creatures like seahorses—we’ve figured out the whole genome. We know on which chromosomes specific genes are located, and we also know the order of the millions of bases that make up each chromosome. We organize this information into a “map” of each genome.
A genome contains all of the instructions for building and operating an organism. Having a genome map helps us do things like diagnose and treat diseases, improve crops, track down the basis of inherited traits, and much more.
Mapping a species' genome for the first time is a lot of work. But once you've done it, you have a reference sequence that you can use as a basis for comparison.
The human genome is a great example. The first map took twenty years to complete. The second was published just three years later, and four more the following year. One reason for the increase in speed is that there have been tremendous advances in technology. But another factor is that any newly sequenced human genome is assembled using another human genome as a reference. Once you know the order and sequence of all of the genes, you just need to figure out the 1 out of 1,000 or so nucleotides where that individual's genes vary.
Scientists very often make their reference genomes publically available online. There it is available to help researchers around the world do any kind of genetic studies on that organism.