Write short notes on Quarantine Regulations and Species Conservation.
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The study of plant–biotic stress interactions is an exciting and fast-moving research field built around a dialog concerning plants with other alive organisms. In the last decades, it has offered extensive literature on the plant-pathogen relationship and, more recently, has produced new information on the battle between plants and arthropod-pests. The fact that higher plants are sessile organisms has favoured the acquisition of sophisticated resources to prevent or hamper biotic stresses either mediated by pathogens or pests. These relationships are an intricate interaction encompassing complex networks of molecules, signalling pathways, and strategies to overcome defences developed by each other. The induction of plant defence genes is initiated when specific receptors recognize either the presence of a pathogen (fungi, bacteria, and viruses), or a pest (phytophagous insects, acari, or nematodes), or the damage incurred by them, or even the existence of volatiles, emitted as plant-plant cues. Progress has been made in the molecular analyses of the plant defence system against biotic stresses, revealing a plethora of key elements, regulators, and pathways associated with these complex plant networks
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