write short notes on Ryot
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Under the Mughal system of land control there were two types of raiyats: khudkasta and paikasta. The khudkasta raiyats were permanent resident cultivators of the village. Their rights in land were heritable according to Muslim and Hindu laws of succession. The other type of raiyats was called paikasta. They did not cultivate land on a permanent basis in any particular mauza (lowest revenue plus village settlement unit), but instead moved from mauza to mauza and engaged themselves for a crop season. In terms of revenue, the paikasta raiyats were generally paid a much lower rate of rent than the khudkashta raiyats. The dividend to the khudkasta, who thus became an absentee owner, came from hard bargaining.[4] Pahikasht raiyats were a subgroup of peasants who cultivated the land away from the area where they resided.[5]
Another subgroup included under-raiyats who were entitled to various rights of occupancy and transferable interests. An under-raiyat it was referred to as a korfa, though an under-raiyat paying rent in kind was referred too as a bargait.[6]
In March 1859, during the British rule, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow Indigo.
The Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was developed to regulate the rent of under-raiyats.[7] One of the causes of the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was the Bihar Rent Committee report of 1879 which sought rights for the raiyat to resist illegal restraint and illegal enhancement, and allowing him to prove and maintain his occupancy rights.[8]
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