Write short notes on the cyber terrorism and cyber warfare
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CYBERCRIME
One is that this definition assumes that every “cybercrime” constitutes nothing more than the commission of a traditional “crime,” albeit by different means (by using a computer network). As I have argued elsewhere, hat is true for much of the cybercrime we have seen so far. For example, online fraud such as the 419 scam is nothing new, as far as law is concerned; it is simply “old wine in new bottles,” old crime in a slightly new guise. Until the twentieth century, people had only two ways of defrauding others : They could do it face to face by, say, offering to sell someone the Brooklyn Bridge for a very good price; or they could do the same thing by using snail mail. The proliferation of telephones in the twentieth century made it possible for scam artists to use the telephone to sell the Bridge, again at a very good price. And now we see twenty-first century versions of the same thing migrating online.
CYBER WAR
the distinguishing characteristic of war is that it is a struggle between nation-states; it, like all human activity, is carried out by individuals, but those individuals are acting for a particular nation-state. Like terrorism, warfare tends to result in the destruction of property (often on a massive scale) and in the injury and deaths of individuals (also often on a massive scale). Unlike terrorism, war is supposed to be limited to clashes between the aggregations of individuals (armies) who respectively act for the warring nation-states -- their armies. Injuring and killing civilians (those who are not serving in one of the combatant nation-states' armies) occurs, but like most property damage/destruction, it is supposed to be a collateral event. The primary focus of war in general and of particular wars in specific is to "triumph" over the adversarial nation-state(s), whatever that means in a given context. Inflicting injury/death on civilians and destroying civilian property is not the primary focus of warfare.
One is that this definition assumes that every “cybercrime” constitutes nothing more than the commission of a traditional “crime,” albeit by different means (by using a computer network). As I have argued elsewhere, hat is true for much of the cybercrime we have seen so far. For example, online fraud such as the 419 scam is nothing new, as far as law is concerned; it is simply “old wine in new bottles,” old crime in a slightly new guise. Until the twentieth century, people had only two ways of defrauding others : They could do it face to face by, say, offering to sell someone the Brooklyn Bridge for a very good price; or they could do the same thing by using snail mail. The proliferation of telephones in the twentieth century made it possible for scam artists to use the telephone to sell the Bridge, again at a very good price. And now we see twenty-first century versions of the same thing migrating online.
CYBER WAR
the distinguishing characteristic of war is that it is a struggle between nation-states; it, like all human activity, is carried out by individuals, but those individuals are acting for a particular nation-state. Like terrorism, warfare tends to result in the destruction of property (often on a massive scale) and in the injury and deaths of individuals (also often on a massive scale). Unlike terrorism, war is supposed to be limited to clashes between the aggregations of individuals (armies) who respectively act for the warring nation-states -- their armies. Injuring and killing civilians (those who are not serving in one of the combatant nation-states' armies) occurs, but like most property damage/destruction, it is supposed to be a collateral event. The primary focus of war in general and of particular wars in specific is to "triumph" over the adversarial nation-state(s), whatever that means in a given context. Inflicting injury/death on civilians and destroying civilian property is not the primary focus of warfare.
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Cyberterrorism is the use of the Internet to conduct violent acts that result in or threaten the loss of life or significant bodily harm in order to achieve political gains through intimidation. It is also sometimes considered the act of Internet terrorism in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.
Cyberwarfare involves the battlespace use and targeting of computers and networks in warfare. It involves both offensive and defensive operations pertaining to the threat of cyberattacks, espionage and sabotage. There has been controversy over whether such operations can duly be called "war". Nevertheless, nations have been developing their capabilities and engaged in cyberwarfare either as an aggressor, defendant, or both.
Cyberwarfare involves the battlespace use and targeting of computers and networks in warfare. It involves both offensive and defensive operations pertaining to the threat of cyberattacks, espionage and sabotage. There has been controversy over whether such operations can duly be called "war". Nevertheless, nations have been developing their capabilities and engaged in cyberwarfare either as an aggressor, defendant, or both.
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