Question

Write short notes on the following.
(1) cell signaling during Embroonic development
(11) phylogeny and succession and kidney

Answer 1

Explanation:

(1) Cells in the developing embryo are in constant communication with their neighbors, and the molecules they use to send and receive signals are essential for normal embryogenesis. Several intracellular signaling pathways have been identified, some of which are activated in response to secreted growth factors.

(2)Although all kidneys are fundamentally nephridial tubes that extract liquid waste from the blood, the kidneys of different animals are by no means homologous structures.

Among vertebrates there are three kinds of nephridial structures serving as kidneys that differ from each other not only in structure and position in relation to the blood system and the excretory tubes, but also in their embryonic history.

The three kinds of kidneys, as named by the English embryologist, Balfour, are the pronephros of a few cyclostomes; the mesonephros of fishes and amphibians; and the metanephros of reptiles, birds, and mammals.

The higher vertebrates, whose kidneys are of the metanephric type, pass through preliminary pronephric and mesonephric stages before the permanent metanephric stage is reached. As is frequently the case, comparative anatomy and embryology have supplementary and confirmatory stories to tell from different angles about the same thing.

Answer 2

Explanation:

1)Cells in the developing embryo are in constant communication with their neighbors, and the molecules they use to send and receive signals are essential for normal embryogenesis. Several intracellular signaling pathways have been identified, some of which are activated in response to secreted growth factors.

2)phylogeny : The evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism.

Origin

succession : Such continuous, unidirectional, sequential change in species composition of a natural community initiated by disturbance is called succession. Succession is often taken to mean changes in plant alone. Subsequently, other organisms associated with the vegetation types also change.

kidney : Each kidney is about 4 or 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist. The kidneys' job is to filter your blood. They remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, and keep the right levels of electrolytes. All of the blood in your body passes through them several times a day.

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