Write the any 10features of following- 1.zamindari system 2.ryoteari system 3.mahalwari system
Answers
Zamindari System
• Zamindari system is otherwise known as permanent land revenue system
• In the permanent land revenue
settlement the tax was collected by
zamindars.
• Zamindar was the owner of the entire land
where he had the jurisdiction to collect
tax.
• While the zamindars became the owners
of the land, the actual farmers became
tenants.
• Farmers were to pay up to 60% of the
yield as tax.
• Tax was to be paid even at the time of
poor yield.
• The tax was to be paid in cash strictly before the cut-off date. (Before
•introducing this system, tax could be paid in kind).
•The Permanent Settlement (also Premanent Settlement of Bengal) was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
•It was an agreement between the British East India Company and the Landlords of Bengal to settle the Land Revenue to be raised.
•Lord Cornwallis came to India as the Governor General.
Ryoteari System
•The Ryotwari system introduced in South India,
•The land revenue was collected directly from the farmers (Ryots).
•Though ownership of land was vested with the farmers, excessive tax impoverished them.
•The tax rates were frequently increased.
•Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.
•Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.
•In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants.
•British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.
•The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.
Mahalwari System
•Mahalwari system, the village headman was assigned the responsibility
to collect tax.
•The tax rate was excessive in this system too.
•The entire village (Mahal) was considered as a single unit for tax collection.
•Mahalwari system, one of the three main revenue systems of land tenure in British India, the other two being the zamindar (landlord) and the ryotwari (individual cultivator).
•The word mahalwari is derived from the Hindi mahal, meaning a house or, by extension, a district.
•In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
•Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
•The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.