write the biography about Babar and Jahangir
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Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babar, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India was an excellent general and a wise ruler. He was born on 14th February 1483 and was a Chughtai Turk, descendant of king Taimur on his father’s side and Chengez Khan on his mother’s side. Thus conquest and efficient administration was in his blood.
He succeeded to the throne of Farghana, a small state in Central Asia, when his father Umar Sheikh Mirza died. At that time he was barely eleven years old. His initial years to throne were marked by continuous wars, battles and treaties. After sometime he lost his state and has to live in exile. Few years later fate again smiled on him. His enemies fought among themselves and he converted this opportunity in his favor, and captured the kingdom of present day Afghanistan. Babar was able to re conquer his home state Farghana and Samarkand, but this happiness proved to be shortlived for him. As he was again driven out of his home by his Uzbeg enemies. He was invited to India by Rana Sanga and Daulat Khan Lodi, the Muslim Governor of Punjab, to fight against Ibrahim Lodi. After losing his empire in Central Asia, he found the invitation very lucrative, thus he invaded India. He was the first king to bring artillery to India. He met the forces of Ibrahim Lodi in the field of Panipat on 21st April 1526 and won this battle known in Indian history as the First battle of Panipat. This battle marked his conquest over Delhi. And changed the course of Indian history as well as Mughal empire forever. After this he fought another decisive battle with Rana Sanga in 1527, at Kanwaha. In this battle Rana Sanga was defeated and with this Babar became the unchallenged ruler of northern India.
Although he restrained from plundering and looting the cities of India, he conquered, he was not very religiously inclined and did not convert the people of India to Islam. His first act of commemorating victory in Agra, Uttar Pradesh was not any religious but aesthetic, a garden in Persian style, called Aram Bagh.
He had made himself the ruler of Punjab, Delhi and the Ganga plains as far as Bihar, before his death. He wrote an autobiography containing lively description of India. It is known as Tuzuk-I- Babari, and is written in Turkish. He died in 1530 and was succeeded by his son Humayun to the throne of Delhi.
Jahāngīr, also spelled Jehangir, original name Nūr-ud-dīn Muhammad Salīm, (born August 31, 1569, Fatehpur Sikri [India]—died October 28, 1627, en route to Lahore [now in Pakistan]), Mughal emperor of India from 1605 to 1627.Within a few months of his accession, Jahāngīr had to deal with a rebellion led by his…
Prince Salīm was the eldest son of the emperor Akbar, who early marked Salīm to succeed him. Impatient for power, however, Salīm revolted in 1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan. Akbar on his deathbed confirmed Salīm as his successor. The new emperor chose the Persian name Jahāngīr (“World Seizer”) as his reign name.
Jahāngīr continued his father’s traditions. A war with the Rajput principality of Mewar was ended in 1614 on generous terms. Campaigns against Ahmadnagar, initiated under Akbar’s rule, were continued fitfully, with Mughal arms and diplomacy often thwarted by the able Ḥabshī (slave), Malik ʿAmbār. In 1617 and 1621, however, Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahān) concluded apparently victorious peace treaties. Jahāngīr, like his father, was not a strict Sunni Muslim; he allowed, for example, the Jesuits to dispute publicly with Muslim ʿulamāʾ (theologians) and to make converts.
After 1611 Jahāngīr accepted the influence of his Persian wife, Mehr al-Nesāʾ (Nūr Jahān); her father, Iʿtimād al-Dawlah; and her brother Āṣaf Khan. Together with Prince Khurram, that clique dominated politics until 1622. Thereafter, Jahāngīr’s declining years were darkened by a breach between Nūr Jahān and Prince Khurram, who rebelled openly between 1622 and 1625. In 1626 Jahāngīr was temporarily placed under duress by Mahābat Khan, another rival of Nūr Jahān’s group. Jahāngīr died while traveling from Kashmir to Lahore.
Babur
Babur (1483 – 1530) was the founder of the Moghul Empire in India. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, but, sought to establish a more lasting civilisation based on religious tolerance and promotion of the arts.
Babur was born in Farghana in Turkestan. At the age of 12, he became ruler, following the death of his father. However, he was soon usurped by his uncles.
In his early life, Babur had to fight many battles against his enemies and was frequently struggling to rule over a territory. He moved to Afghanistan and then to India. It was in India where he was able to cement his domination, laying the foundations for the modern Moghul rule of India.
For its time it was relatively enlightened, Babur, sought to make peace with his former enemies. He allowed people to continue with their Hindu religion and customs. Babur promoted the arts and was instrumental in bringing Persian culture into India.
Babur’s son was Humayun. Babur’s Grandson was Akbar the Great.
Jahangir
Jahangir was the fourth Mughal emperor and one of the most prominent rulers of the great empire. He ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. He had a bitter relationship with his father and tried to revolt against Akbar several times, but the father and son later reconciled. Apart from his military campaigns, Jahangir also gave importance to arts, especially painting. Jehangir’s relationship with the Mughal courtesan, Anarkali, has been the subject of several films and literature pieces. He also ordered the execution of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev. By 1627, Jahangir’s health had deteriorated, and he died on October 28, 1627. His mausoleum, Tomb of Jahangir, located at Shahdara, is a major tourist attraction in present-day Lahore.