Question

Write the comparison between organisms of different kingdom on the basis of
following points such as body organisation, cell structure, mode of nutrition, presence
or absence of cell wall.​

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Explanation:

R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification.

The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi,

Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria for classification used by him

include cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition,

reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. Table 2.1 gives a

comparative account of different characteristics of the five kingdoms.

Let us look at this five kingdom classification to understand the issues

and considerations that influenced the classification system. Earlier

classification systems included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses,

ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under ‘Plants’. The character

that unified this whole kingdom was that all the organisms included had

a cell wall in their cells. This placed together groups which widely differed

in other characteristics. It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and

the blue green algae with other groups which were eukaryotic. It also

grouped together the unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones,

say, for example, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together

under algae. The classification did not differentiate between the

heterotrophic group – fungi, and the autotrophic green plants, though

they also showed a characteristic difference in their walls composition –

the fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants had a cellulosiccell wall. When such characteristics were considered, the fungi were placed

in a separate kingdom – Kingdom Fungi. All prokaryotic organisms were

grouped together under Kingdom Monera and the unicellular eukaryotic

organisms were placed in Kingdom Protista. Kingdom Protista has

brought together Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae

within Plants and both having cell walls) with Paramoecium and Amoeba

(which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall). It

has put together organisms which, in earlier classifications, were placed

in different kingdoms. This happened because the criteria for classification

changed. This kind of changes will take place in future too depending on

the improvement in our understanding of characteristics and evolutionary

relationships. Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a

classification system which reflects not only the morphological,

physiological and reproductive similarities, but is also phylogenetic, i.e.,

is based on evolutionary relationships.

In this chapter we will study characteristics of Kingdoms Monera,

Protista and Fungi of the Whittaker system of classification. The Kingdoms

Plantae and Animalia, commonly referred to as plant and animal

kingdoms, respectively, will be dealt with separately in chapters 3 and 4.

2.1 KINGDOM MONERA

Spore Flagellum

Cocci Bacilli Spirilla

Vibrio

Figure 2.1 Bacteria of different shapes

Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. They are the most

abundant micro-organisms. Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds

of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. They also live in extreme habitats

such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other

life forms can survive. Many of them live in or on other organisms as

parasites.

Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape: the

spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), the

comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) and the spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla)