Write the features of the land settlement made by the British in the tribal areas.
Answers
The lives of tribal groups changed during British rule in many strange and unexpected ways:
The British wanted tribal groups to settle down and become peasant cultivators, because as settled peasants they were easier to control and administer.
The British also wanted a regular revenue source for the state. So they introduced land settlements, that is, they measured the land, defined the rights of each individual to that land, and fixed the revenue the farmer had to pay to the state.
But the British effort to settle jhum cultivators was not very successful, because when their fields did not produce good yields, shifting cultivators who took to plough cultivation often suffered a lot.
Facing widespread protests, the British had to ultimately allow the right to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of the forest.
Answer:
Before the advent of the East India Company, the traditional land-revenue system in India was the right of the farmers on the land and a part of the crop was given to the government. By the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the Company got the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Even then, the Company continued with the old land revenue system but increased land revenue rates. This was also natural as the Company's expenses were increasing, and land revenue was the only means by which the Company could get maximum money.
The British mainly adopted the following land tenure systems in India:
1. Monopoly system
2. Permanent Settlement
3. Ryotwari
4. Mahalbari Method
Monopoly System: This system was introduced by Warren Hastings in 1772. This practice had two characteristics-
- It had a five-year contract system and
- The land was given on contract to the highest bidder.
- The Company benefited from this arrangement, but there was instability in its recovery. In 1777, the five-year contract was replaced by a one-year contract. The main drawback of this system was that new people took contracts every year and collected maximum rent from the farmers.
Permanent Settlement: It is also known as the 'zamindari system.' It was built in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, U.P. Implemented in Banaras Block and North Karnataka. Under this arrangement, about 19 percent of the total area of British India was included.
- Under this system, the zamindars were made permanent owners of the land. His right over the land was paternal and transferable.
- As long as they kept paying a fixed rent to the government, they could not be separated from the land. But the peasants were only given the low status of the ryots, and land rights were taken away from them.
- The zamindars were to pay 10/11 part of the total land revenue collected from the farmers to the Company, and 1/11 part was to be kept by themselves. This arrangement resulted in a significant increase in the income of the Company.
Ryotwari System: This system was started in 1820 by the then Governor of Madras, Thomas Munro, and was implemented in Madras, Bombay and some parts of Assam.
- In this system, the government made direct contact with the ryots, i.e. the farmers. Now the ryots were given land ownership and possession rights, and they were personally liable to pay rent to the government.
- The purpose of implementing this system by the government was to increase income as well as eliminate the class of middlemen (zamindars).
Mahalbari System: It was implemented by Lord Hastings in the Central Provinces, Agra and Punjab. Under this arrangement, 30% of the total area land came.
- In this system, the land revenue was settled in an entire village or mahal with zamindars or pradhans, who collectively claimed to be the head of the whole village or mahal.
- In this system, the rent was fixed based on the production of the mahal or the whole village. The chief, or the Mahal chief, had the right to oust the non-paying farmer from his land.
Thus, the Company adopted various agricultural systems to collect land revenue in India. The basic objective of the Company behind all these arrangements was to collect maximum land revenue and not to work for the welfare of the farmers in the slightest. Due to this, the Indian agricultural system gradually collapsed, and the Indian farmers were ruined.
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