write the functions of organelles . 1) Golgi bodies 2) Ribosomes
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■ The golgi bodies or the golgi apparatus performs the following functions:
1) Secretion: All glandular cells depend upon golgi complex as it helps in the concentration and packaging of their products inside a soluble protein coat visible as dark staining under electron microscope (with a high objective lens). They sent out of the cells through the process of exocytosis or also known as, reverse pinocytosis.
2) Transformation of membranes: The golgi complex brings about the membrane transformation, that is, converting one type of membrane (such as that of ER or endoplasmic reticulum) into some other types (example, selectively permeable membrane or plasma membranes, differentiated membrane of lysosome). The golgi complex also takes part in the complete recycling of the plasma membrane.
3) Glycoproteins and Glycolipids: Protein synthesis takes place by the assistance of Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and lipids are synthesised by smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, they reach the cisterane of the golgi bodies. Here, they are combined with the carbohydrates to formally Glycoproteins and glycolipids, respectively.
4) Special simple carbohydrates: The acids here working for the dissolution and the working of the major compound is Sialic acid and galactose, which are made inside the golgi apparatus.
5) Complex carbohydrates: Most of them (complex carbohydrates), other than preferential glycogen and starch, are synthesised inside the golgi apparatus, such as, pectic compounds, mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid (essential for fertilisation in humans), chondroitin sulphate, hemicellulose, etc. are formed here.
6) Hormones: Production of Hormones also takes place by the endocrine glands, mediated through it by the golgi bodies.
7) Matrix: The Matrix of the connective tissue are formed by golgi bodies of its cells.
8) Fat transport or transportation of fats: The main products if fats, fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium which are transferred as fats to the lacteal part through the help of golgi apparatus.
9) Synthesis of Pigments: In the Chick embryo the retinal pigment has been observed to be synthesising with help of golgi apparatus (given primarily by scientists Beams and Kessels in 1968).
■ The following functions for Ribosomes are given below:
1) They are the protein factories of the cell as the Ribosomes are used as sites for polypeptide or for protein synthesis, so, developing proteins for the body.
2) Free and attached Ribosomes; Ribosomes which are free, synthesise the structural and enzymatic proteins for use inside the cell. The attached Ribosomes does the synthesis of proteins for transportation.
3) Enzymatic factors, Ribosomes provide enzymes to the body's essential need to convert the complex compound into simpler or different ones. For an example, peptidyl transferase are used for factors such as condensation of amino acids to form polypeptide groups.
4) rRNA, they are formed by the Ribosomes and it also contains rRNAs to provide attaching points for mRNA and tRNAs, thus providing nucleotide connection.
5) mRNA, Ribosomes especially have tunnels (also forms these types of nucleotides) for mRNAs so that it can be translated into protein molecules properly.
6) The newly synthesised polypeptides are provided some extra protection from the cytoplasmic enzymes by enclosing it in the groove or the space it gets from the larger subunits of Ribosomes till it attains it's final secondary structure.
1) Secretion: All glandular cells depend upon golgi complex as it helps in the concentration and packaging of their products inside a soluble protein coat visible as dark staining under electron microscope (with a high objective lens). They sent out of the cells through the process of exocytosis or also known as, reverse pinocytosis.
2) Transformation of membranes: The golgi complex brings about the membrane transformation, that is, converting one type of membrane (such as that of ER or endoplasmic reticulum) into some other types (example, selectively permeable membrane or plasma membranes, differentiated membrane of lysosome). The golgi complex also takes part in the complete recycling of the plasma membrane.
3) Glycoproteins and Glycolipids: Protein synthesis takes place by the assistance of Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and lipids are synthesised by smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, they reach the cisterane of the golgi bodies. Here, they are combined with the carbohydrates to formally Glycoproteins and glycolipids, respectively.
4) Special simple carbohydrates: The acids here working for the dissolution and the working of the major compound is Sialic acid and galactose, which are made inside the golgi apparatus.
5) Complex carbohydrates: Most of them (complex carbohydrates), other than preferential glycogen and starch, are synthesised inside the golgi apparatus, such as, pectic compounds, mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid (essential for fertilisation in humans), chondroitin sulphate, hemicellulose, etc. are formed here.
6) Hormones: Production of Hormones also takes place by the endocrine glands, mediated through it by the golgi bodies.
7) Matrix: The Matrix of the connective tissue are formed by golgi bodies of its cells.
8) Fat transport or transportation of fats: The main products if fats, fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium which are transferred as fats to the lacteal part through the help of golgi apparatus.
9) Synthesis of Pigments: In the Chick embryo the retinal pigment has been observed to be synthesising with help of golgi apparatus (given primarily by scientists Beams and Kessels in 1968).
■ The following functions for Ribosomes are given below:
1) They are the protein factories of the cell as the Ribosomes are used as sites for polypeptide or for protein synthesis, so, developing proteins for the body.
2) Free and attached Ribosomes; Ribosomes which are free, synthesise the structural and enzymatic proteins for use inside the cell. The attached Ribosomes does the synthesis of proteins for transportation.
3) Enzymatic factors, Ribosomes provide enzymes to the body's essential need to convert the complex compound into simpler or different ones. For an example, peptidyl transferase are used for factors such as condensation of amino acids to form polypeptide groups.
4) rRNA, they are formed by the Ribosomes and it also contains rRNAs to provide attaching points for mRNA and tRNAs, thus providing nucleotide connection.
5) mRNA, Ribosomes especially have tunnels (also forms these types of nucleotides) for mRNAs so that it can be translated into protein molecules properly.
6) The newly synthesised polypeptides are provided some extra protection from the cytoplasmic enzymes by enclosing it in the groove or the space it gets from the larger subunits of Ribosomes till it attains it's final secondary structure.
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