Question

Write the impact of industrialization in Russia

Answer 1

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It depends on which industrialization cycle you’re asking about. Peter the Great’s recruitment of thousands of German families to bring current technology as permanent new residents is probably the most profound in it’s impact. Peter’s tour of Western Europe revealed Russia was hundreds of years behind general technology levels (shipbuilding, naval cannons, steelmaking, metalcasting and forging, machining, sail and rope systems on ships, civil engineering, underground hardrock mining, farming, gunmaking, field artillery, etc.) and he addressed it more profoundly than just about any ruler in history. Without it Russia would have lost much of Western Russia to rebellions (proxy armies supplied by England) or outright invasions by the much more advanced neighboring countries.

The next significant one is that under the last 3 Tzars as they accelerated the efforts to catch up with Western Europe, achieving a growth rate the Soviets never actually matched. Building railroads, particularly it’s own transcontinental railroad across Siberia, were essential in connecting the vast land and making it’s natural resources accessible while turning it’s scattered people into a consumer marketplace (and less susceptible to famines from local food production problems.) Using Belgian machine tool makers and engineers Russia leapt into making competitive, modern firearms at internal arsenals like Tula (Moisin-Nagant 1891 rifles, Nagant 1892 revolvers, Smith & Wesson Russian and Merwin Hulbert New Army revolvers, etc.). Partnering with Sweden’s Nobel conglomerate to develop the oil fields in Azerbaijan and Georgia that would be the principal oil sources for more than a century (still) allowing both conversions to internal combustion (ships, locomotives, trucks, tanks, planes, cars, etc.) as well as one of the most profitable major exports for Russia. Electrification began and continued throughout the 1920’s-30’s. The defeat of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War and 1905 rebellion all served as wake-up calls that traditional structures were dangerously inadequate now.

The third industrial revolution in Russia would be that under Lenin and then Stalin. This was wildly overhyped to justify the Soviet system with grossly distorted production statistics until an agriculture minister finally declared lies upon lies were no way to operate an economy (Mikhail Gorbachev.) This a turning inward from learning from external companies (Nobel Chemical, General Electric, etc.) to premature self-reliance without the industrial base after years of the Russian Civil War and killing off tens of millions of capable, middle class Russians by their own government, the people who are the primary source of both entrepreneurs and skilled workers. The Soviet paranoid management approach stifled productivity, quality, innovation, maintenance, supply chain reliability, etc. so it’s industrial revolution was more despite the government than in most places. Obtaining innovative ideas through espionage and secret copying means even if you have the design reverse engineered, you don’t really know how they made it and working out the actual production processes takes many more years (and rarely is completely satisfactory, it’s much harder than outsiders imagine.) Much of the advances in the 1920’s and 1930’s were from partnering with Germany, among the world’s best machine tool builders, electronics, and chemical engineering processes which helped a lot until 1941. Reducing farm yields while mechanizing farms and expanding farm transportation is so unique of a result that it really highlights the burden of Soviet mismanagement and deeply wrong theories.

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Answer 2

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Industrialisation affected peasants nad workers in the following ways:

 > It rendered them jobless as machines replaced the work that was earlier performed  manually.
> It led to the migration of peasants and workers to urban areas which were centres of industries in search of livelihood.