- Write the life history of any two kings of medieval period.
Answers
Answer:
Mahmud of Ghazni:
The Yamini dynasty generally known as Ghaznavi dynasty, claimed its origin from the family of Persian rulers. During the course of Arab invasion, the family fled to Turkistan and became one with the Turks. Therefore, the family has been accepted as Turk. Alptigin founded the independent kingdom of this dynasty.
He snatched away the kingdom of Jabul with its capital Ghazni from Amir Abu-Bakr Lawik in 963 A.D., but he died the same year. He was succeeded by his son Ishaq who ruled only for three years. Then, the throne was captured by Balkatigin, the commander of the Turkish troops. Balkatigin was succeeded by his slave Pirai in 972 A.D. But Pirai was a cruel king.
His subjects invited Abu Ali Lawik, son of Abu-Bakr Lawik, to invade Ghazni. Jayapala, the ruler of the neighbourly Hindushahi kingdom who did not like the rise of a strong Muslim state at his border, also sent his army to help Abu Ali Lawik. But they were defeated by Sabuktigin, son-in-law of Alptigin. The success of Sabuktigin against the enemies of Ghazni enhanced his prestige. He, ultimately, dethroned Pirai and himself became the ruler of Ghazni in 977 A.D.
Sabuktigin was a capable and ambitious ruler. Slowly, he conquered Bust, Dawar, Ghur and some other nearby places. Towards the east lay the Hindushahi kingdom of East Afghanistan and Punjab, Sabuktigin started attacking its boundaries and occupied some forts and cities. Jayapala, the Hindushahi ruler, could not ignore these attacks and attempted to crush the rising power of Sabuktigin.
Since then began the long struggle of the kingdoms of Ghazni and Hindushahi which continued till Sultan Mahmud finally extinguished the Hindushahis. Twice Jayapala attacked Ghazni and was supported by certain other Rajput rulers also who sent their contingents to help Jayapala. But both his attempts failed and Sabuktigin succeeded in capturing all the territories which lay between Lamghan and Peshawar.
Thus, the Hindushahi kingdom failed to check the growing power of the Ghaznavids towards the east. However, two conclusions can be drawn out of this conflict between the two. One, Jayapala knew the danger of the rising power of Islam on his border, tried to check its growth in the very beginning and pursued an aggressive policy for the purpose which we find lacking among other Rajput rulers afterwards. The other, that the Rajput rulers were not indifferent to the rising power of Islam in the west for which they are often blamed otherwise they would not have sent their forces to support Jayapala.
Sabuktigin died in 997 A.D. He nominated his younger son Ismail as his successor before his death. But when Ismail ascended the throne, he was challenged by his elder brother Mahmud who succeeded in capturing the throne of Ghazni just after seven months in 998 A.D. Mahmud justified his accession, became a powerful ruler, repeatedly attacked India and paved the way of the conquest of India by the Turks.
Mahmud was born on 1 November 971 A.D. He had received fairly good education and had participated in many battles during the reign of his father. After ascending the throne, Mahmud first consolidated his position in Herat, Balkh and Bust, and then conquered Khurasan. In 999 A.D. Khalifa Al Qadir Billah accepted him the ruler of these places and conferred on him the titles of ‘Yamin-ud-Daulah’ and ‘Amin-ul-Millah’. It is said that Mahmud, at this very time took an oath to invade India every year.
Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak:
Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the real founder of Turkish rule in India. Primarily, he was responsible for the success of Sultan Muhammad in India. Muhammad was responsible for the Turkish conquest of India but he did not get time to remain and consolidate his Indian conquests.
Mostly it was done by Qutb-ud- din. And, when Muhammad died, Qutb-ud-din persuaded Turkish nobles in India to accept his supremacy, strengthened his position by matrimonial alliances with influential rival chiefs, stubbornly refused to accept the overlordship of Yildiz, turned him out of Punjab and saved his infant kingdom from the politics of Central Asia. Thus, both by diplomacy and force, he succeeded in maintaining separate and independent status of the Delhi Sultanate.
Qutb-ud-din proved the most capable slave among the slaves of Sultan Muhammad. He was a self-made man who rose to the status of Sultan by his own merit and efforts. He possessed the qualities of both the head and the heart.
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