write the origin of mesopotamian civilization of at least half page. very urgent.
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Practically all Middle East of today, except Egypt and Turkey (but Hittites, that lived in Anatolia, as well as the ancient Armenians, were influenced by Mesopotamian civilization). Mesopotamos - meaning the country between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, started around 8000 years ago, reached the level of civilization 5000 years ago, and on its land were great empires - starting with Sumer, the first civilization, and Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Persians - the Achaemenid Empire was the greatest empire ever in percentage of global population of the Earth - around 40%!. It is that empire that tried to conquer Greece - Thermopyle, Salamina, Marathon were the great battles in 450s BCE and almost turned Black Sea into a Persian lake, as response to the harrasements done by Scythians living in the Pontic steppes.
The Mesopotamian civilization ended by melting in the huge melting pot of Mediterranean, after being conquered by Alexander the Great. So it lasted from 3400 BC to 300 BC. Basically it lasted around three millennia.
They influenced the Egyptians (part of Achaemenid empire), Hittites (who borrowed the Cuneiform script) and traded with Meluha, aka Indus Valley Civilization.
Considering “Mesopotamian civilization” as a group of related societies and cultures (as Dan Bar correctly points out, there were a number of small kingdoms and several empires involved), one way we might look at this is to look at the extent of one of the more distinctive Mesopotamian technologies, the use of cuneiform writing on clay tablets. The use of characters written in soft clay with a triangular stylus is pretty much exclusive to societies drawing on Mesopotamian traditions.
Needless to say, most cuneiform writing is found in Mesopotamia proper, the region between and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern Iraq. Beyond that, it’s less common, but it is found to some extent along the east coast of the Mediterranean, which spent some time under Mesopotamian control. It’s also the script of the Hittite empire, which occupied most of what is now Turkey. Scattered examples have been found elsewhere (Persia, Egypt, a few places around the Persian Gulf), but it never really took root there, so I’d hesitate to regard those places as really part of Mesopotamian civilization.
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