write the process of protein synthesis in detail .
Answers
Answer:
Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. ... After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
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Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells follows the same pattern with some differences.
The major steps are:
(a) Activation of amino acids:
This reaction is brought about by the binding of an amino acid with ATP. The step requires enzymes called amino acyI RNA synthetases. Due to this reaction amino acid (AA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mediated by above enzyme, amino acyl – AMP – enzyme complex is formed
(b) Transfer of amino acid to tRNA:
The AA – AMP – enzyme complex formed reacts with specific tRNA. Thus amino acid is transferred to tRNA. As a result the enzyme and AMP are liberated.
AA – AMP – enzyme Complex + tRNA- AA – tRNA + AMP enzyme
(c) Initiation of polypeptide chain:
The information for the sequence of amino acids is present in the sequence of nitrogenous bases of mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for three letters word of nucleic acid. The initiation of polypeptide chain in prokaryotes is always brought about by the amino acid methionine which is regularly coded by the codon AUG but rarely also by GUG (for valine) as also initiating codon. In prokaryotes, formulation of initiating amino acid methionine is essential requirement.