Write the summary of the fight for freedom (1857) from chapter the glimpse of past ?
Answers
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India between 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.[4][5] The event is known by many names, including the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and India's First War of Independence.[a][6]
The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 miles northeast of Delhi (now Old Delhi). It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India,[b][7][c][8] though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east.[d][9] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region,[e][10] and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[11] On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities formally to have ended until 8 July 1859.
The Indian rebellion was fed by resentment that had emerged from British rule, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes,[12][13] and broader scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule.[f][14] Many Indians did rise against the British, but many others fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule.[g][h][14] Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides; on British officers and civilians (including women and children) by the rebels, and on the rebels and their supporters (sometimes including entire villages) by British reprisals. The cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and during the British retaliation.[i][14]
After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels very quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was declared by the rebels as the Emperor of Hindustan. Soon, the rebels also captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September.[11] Even so, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside.[11] Other regions of Company controlled India—the Bengal Presidency, the Bombay Presidency and the Madras Presidency—remained largely calm.[j][8][11] In the Punjab, the Sikhs crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support.[k][8][11] The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the Governor-General Lord Canning's words, as "breakwaters in a storm."[15]
In some regions, most notably in Awadh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence and power.[16] However, the rebel leaders proclaimed no articles of faith that presaged a new political system.[l][17] Even so, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian and British Empire history.[m][6][18] It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India, through the passage of the Government of India Act 1858.[19] India was thereafter administered directly by the British government in the new British Raj.[15] On 1 November 1858, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians, which while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision,[n][20] promised rights similar to those of other British subjects.[o][p][21] In the following decades, when admission to these rights was not always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the Queen's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.[q][22][r][23]
Summary of:- Glimpses of the Past
Written by:- S.D. Sawant
Thus lesson Ida pictorial account of glimpses of the history of our country from 1757 to 1857. It clear the conditions that led to the revolt of 1857. Britishers established East India company in 18th century for trade purposes. Gradually, they started taking over the states. They follow the principle of divide and rule. The situation became worst in India. Religiousleaders preached absurd practices like untouchability and child marriage. But Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a learned man from Bengal created awareness against these malpractices. Lord Macaulay, advocated English language teaching in India in 1835. But the sparks of revolt and dissatisfaction has risen. A sepoy in Meerut Mangal Pandey rose against the British rulers. Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow, Maulavi Ahmeddulha of Faizabad, Tatya Tope, Peshwa Nana Sahib. and other patriots cooperated alto part with a great zeal in the fight of freedom.
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