write the various featurs of development. mention three features of Gandhian model of developments.
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Answer:
In a very general way, we can say Development means the securing of social and economic growth by changing the conditions of under-development through organised and planned efforts aimed at the control of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, and economic and industrial under-development.According to Weidner, “Development is a process directed towards socioeconomic development and nation-building.”
Colin and Grieger write, “Development means change coupled with growth.”
ADVERTISEMENTS:These definitions, however, are not universally accepted definitions because the capitalists, the socialists, the dependency theorists, the neo-socialists, neo-capitalists, the liberalists and several other streams of thought define development in several different ways.Several Models of Development:
In fact, development is a very complex process and it has several dimensions which are related and interdependent and yet different. The reality is that there have been present several different models of development. Out of these no single development model stands universally accepted. Further, the concept of development has been regularly undergoing changes.
Initially, the Western model of liberty, economic growth and modernization was adopted by several states. Then some states came forward to adopt the Socialist model of development. Some others like India decided to adopt a mixed liberal-democratic-socialist model. Presently the world has been strongly advocating the Sustainable Development Model. Let us briefly study some popular models of development.
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1. Western Liberal Model of Development:
In this model, it is held that all societies undergo changes from traditional, transitional and modern stages of development. It regards political development as the condition for economic development. It supports the autonomy, rights and self- interest of the individual as the basis of all development.
It stands for rapid industrialization, technological advancement, modernization, full employment and continuous process of liberalisation of society, economy and polity. The goals of development are to be achieved on the basis of free-market economy, competitiveness and all-round individual development.
This model can be described as the market model of development. It advocates that opening up of the economies of all states is the only way for development. However, this model does not really suit the developing countries. Many of them feel that it acts as a source of neo-colonial control of the rich and developed countries over the economies and policies of developing Third World countries of the world.
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The critics, particularly the socialist critics, criticise this model because it leads to economic inequalities and concentration of wealth in the hands of the rich class of capitalists. It gives rise to a monopoly of the rich and an exploitation of the poor.
2. Welfare Model of Development:
The welfare model of development accepts and strongly advocates the role of state in the economic sphere for promoting the socio-economic welfare and common interests of the society. It conceptualises the state as a welfare state and advocates that state planning and organised efforts are essential for rapid industrialization, economic growth and socio-economic development. The welfare state can provide various types of social services for the people, like education, health, employment, social security and public distribution system.
It acts as the agency for promoting desired social change and development. It takes special steps for protecting the interests of the weaker sections of society. Welfare State protects all social, economic and political rights of all the people and in turn the people act in a socially responsible way.
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All developing countries accepted the welfare state model but with some changes of their individual likings and needs. However, the welfare model did not succeed in securing the desired development. The machinery of state, particularly the bureaucracy proved to be inefficient and corrupt. Welfare goals were secured partially and that too with undesirable delays. The welfare model also made the people dependent upon the state and they largely failed to develop.
(3) Socialist/Marxist Model of Development:
The Socialist model of development is a general model in which several socialist thinkers advocate several different views about development goals and means. Some socialists accept democratic means for securing socialist goals of development. However, the Marxist Socialists and the Revolution