Written essay on shivaji the ruler and his administration
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General features of Shivaji’s administration:
1. He employed members of all castes and tribes to maintain balance among them.
2. He assigned separate responsibilities to the ministers and each of them was made responsible for his work to him.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
3. He made no office hereditary.
4. In general he did not assign jagirs to his civil and military officers.
5. He gave special attention towards the administration of the forts.
6. In matters of administration, he gave superior position to his civil officers as compared to military officers.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
7. He established Ryotwari system in revenue administration. The state kept direct contact with the farmers.
Shivaji took special care to make his administrative system responsive to the needs of the people. In the words of Dr. Ishwari Prasad, “The institutions which he established were an improvement upon the existing order and were well adapted to the well-being of his subjects.”
Central Administration:
He had a council of ministers (Asht Pradhari) to advise him on the matters of the state but he was not bound by it. He could appoint or dismiss them. This appointment was subject to their efficiency.
Provincial administration:
Shivaji divided his kingdom into four provinces. Each province was under the head called Mamlatdar or Viceroy. Each province was divided into several districts and villages. The village was an organised institution.
The chief of the village was called Deshpande or Patel. The head used to run the affairs of the village with the help of the Village Panchayat.
Like the centre, there was a committee or council of eight ministers with Sar-i- ‘Karkun’ or the ‘prantpati’ (Head of the province)
Fiscal system or Revenue system:
Important features were:
(1) Land in every village was measured and the produce was roughly assessed.
(2) On the basis of assessment, the cultivators were asked to pay 40 per cent of their produce as land revenue.
(3) The Ryotwari system was introduced in which the revenue was directly collected from the farmers.
(4) Wherever possible, Shivaji abolished the jagirdari system.
(5) The farmers had the option to pay land revenue in cash or kind.
(6) The peasants could pay the revenue in installments.
(7) The accounts of the revenue officers began to be thoroughly checked.
(8) In the event of famine of natural calamity, the state offered loans to the peasants.
(9) Shivaji introduced the collection of two taxes called the Chauth and ‘Sardeshmukhi’.
‘Chauth’ and ‘Sardeshmukhi’:
Historians differ as to the exact nature of these two taxies levied by Shivaji. According to Ranade, ‘Chauth’ was not merely a military contribution without any moral or legal obligation but a payment in lieu of protection against the invasion of a third power and he compares it with Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance System. Sardesai holds that it was a tribute exacted from hostile or conquered territories.
J.N. Sarkar is of the opinion that Chauth was only a means of buying off one robber and not a subsidiary system for the maintenance of peace and order against all enemies. Thus ‘Chauth’ was a military contribution paid toward off any attack of the Marhatas.
Judicial administration:
Judicial administrative system was rather simple, crude and primitive. The highest court was ‘Hazar Majils’ or the court of the king. The day-to-day administration was carried on by the village Panchayats and the village ‘Patel’ decided criminal cases.
Shivaji’s army administration:
Shivaji’s army organisation was very efficient. His army was very patriotic, well trained, efficient and extremely mobile.
Shivaji introduced the following reforms in the army:
1. Regular army:
He maintained a regular army. In the traditional military organisation, the soldiers served army for six months and thereafter, they worked in their fields. Now the soldiers were to serve around the year.
2. Cash payment:
He paid the soldiers in cash.
3. Patriotism:
He inspired the soldiers with patriotism.
4. Merit:
He recruited the soldiers on merit.
5. Branding of horses:
He introduced the system of branding the horses and keeping the identification of the soldiers.
6. Discipline:
He enforced strict discipline.
7. Guerilla warfare:
He trained his soldiers in the guerilla warfare.
The guerilla warfare was very suitable in the geographical location of most territories in Maharashtra. He believed in the surprise attacks on the enemy, killed or looted it and disappeared into the forest.
8. Forts:
He paid particular attention to the maintenance of forts. Old forts were repaired and new forts built. The forts also served as military cantonments. About the sanctity of forts it is said that the “people were taught to regard them as their mother.” There were about 280 forts. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages took protection in these forts.
The families of the deceased soldiers were looked after carefully.
9. Muslim soldiers
General features of Shivaji’s administration:
1. He employed members of all castes and tribes to maintain balance among them.
2. He assigned separate responsibilities to the ministers and each of them was made responsible for his work to him.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
3. He made no office hereditary.
4. In general he did not assign jagirs to his civil and military officers.
5. He gave special attention towards the administration of the forts.
6. In matters of administration, he gave superior position to his civil officers as compared to military officers.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
7. He established Ryotwari system in revenue administration. The state kept direct contact with the farmers.
Shivaji took special care to make his administrative system responsive to the needs of the people. In the words of Dr. Ishwari Prasad, “The institutions which he established were an improvement upon the existing order and were well adapted to the well-being of his subjects.”
Central Administration:
He had a council of ministers (Asht Pradhari) to advise him on the matters of the state but he was not bound by it. He could appoint or dismiss them. This appointment was subject to their efficiency.
Provincial administration:
Shivaji divided his kingdom into four provinces. Each province was under the head called Mamlatdar or Viceroy. Each province was divided into several districts and villages. The village was an organised institution.
The chief of the village was called Deshpande or Patel. The head used to run the affairs of the village with the help of the Village Panchayat.
Like the centre, there was a committee or council of eight ministers with Sar-i- ‘Karkun’ or the ‘prantpati’ (Head of the province)
Fiscal system or Revenue system:
Important features were:
(1) Land in every village was measured and the produce was roughly assessed.
(2) On the basis of assessment, the cultivators were asked to pay 40 per cent of their produce as land revenue.
(3) The Ryotwari system was introduced in which the revenue was directly collected from the farmers.
(4) Wherever possible, Shivaji abolished the jagirdari system.
(5) The farmers had the option to pay land revenue in cash or kind.
(6) The peasants could pay the revenue in installments.
(7) The accounts of the revenue officers began to be thoroughly checked.
(8) In the event of famine of natural calamity, the state offered loans to the peasants.
(9) Shivaji introduced the collection of two taxes called the Chauth and ‘Sardeshmukhi’.
‘Chauth’ and ‘Sardeshmukhi’:
Historians differ as to the exact nature of these two taxies levied by Shivaji. According to Ranade, ‘Chauth’ was not merely a military contribution without any moral or legal obligation but a payment in lieu of protection against the invasion of a third power and he compares it with Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance System. Sardesai holds that it was a tribute exacted from hostile or conquered territories.
J.N. Sarkar is of the opinion that Chauth was only a means of buying off one robber and not a subsidiary system for the maintenance of peace and order against all enemies. Thus ‘Chauth’ was a military contribution paid toward off any attack of the Marhatas.
Judicial administration:
Judicial administrative system was rather simple, crude and primitive. The highest court was ‘Hazar Majils’ or the court of the king. The day-to-day administration was carried on by the village Panchayats and the village ‘Patel’ decided criminal cases.
Shivaji’s army administration:
Shivaji’s army organisation was very efficient. His army was very patriotic, well trained, efficient and extremely mobile.
Shivaji introduced the following reforms in the army:
1. Regular army:
He maintained a regular army. In the traditional military organisation, the soldiers served army for six months and thereafter, they worked in their fields. Now the soldiers were to serve around the year.
2. Cash payment:
He paid the soldiers in cash.
3. Patriotism:
He inspired the soldiers with patriotism.
4. Merit:
He recruited the soldiers on merit.
5. Branding of horses:
He introduced the system of branding the horses and keeping the identification of the soldiers.
6. Discipline:
He enforced strict discipline.
7. Guerilla warfare:
He trained his soldiers in the guerilla warfare.
The guerilla warfare was very suitable in the geographical location of most territories in Maharashtra. He believed in the surprise attacks on the enemy, killed or looted it and disappeared into the forest.
8. Forts:
He paid particular attention to the maintenance of forts. Old forts were repaired and new forts built. The forts also served as military cantonments. About the sanctity of forts it is said that the “people were taught to regard them as their mother.” There were about 280 forts. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages took protection in these forts.
The families of the deceased soldiers were looked after carefully.
9. Muslim soldiers
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Shivaji was a born leader. He explored the Sahyadri mountains and became very familiar with the territories. At the age of 15, he gathered truste
h 1 to March 30 according to the Hindu Calendar. So now the people who believe in Gregorian calendar celebrate the Shiv Jayanti, birth anniversary of Shivaji Maharaj on 19th February each year which is also recognized by the Government of India. And people who believe in Hindu calendar state that Shivaji was a Hindu warrior and we should celebrate his birth anniversary according to Hindu calendar. We should be happy that we get that chance to celebrate the birth anniversary of such a respectable king and warrior more than once. World’s Tallest statue: The Statue of Shivaji Maharaj The government of India has started the work of Shiv Smarak, a memorial of Shivaji Maharaj in the Arabian Sea in Mumbai. Many people also protested this stating that this money can be used to renovate and maintain the forts made by Shivaji Maharaj which will be the true act of respect for him.
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