x ^ 4 + 3 x cube + 6 x squared + 4x - 8 =0
Answers
Step by step solution :
STEP1:Equation at the end of step 1
((((x4)-(x3))-(2•3x2))-4x)-8 = 0
STEP2:
Polynomial Roots Calculator :
2.1 Find roots (zeroes) of : F(x) = x4-x3-6x2-4x-8
Polynomial Roots Calculator is a set of methods aimed at finding values of x for which F(x)=0
Rational Roots Test is one of the above mentioned tools. It would only find Rational Roots that is numbers x which can be expressed as the quotient of two integers
The Rational Root Theorem states that if a polynomial zeroes for a rational number P/Q then P is a factor of the Trailing Constant and Q is a factor of the Leading Coefficient
In this case, the Leading Coefficient is 1 and the Trailing Constant is -8.
The factor(s) are:
of the Leading Coefficient : 1
of the Trailing Constant : 1 ,2 ,4 ,8
Let us test ....
P Q P/Q F(P/Q) Divisor -1 1 -1.00 -8.00 -2 1 -2.00 0.00 x+2 -4 1 -4.00 232.00 -8 1 -8.00 4248.00 1 1 1.00 -18.00 2 1 2.00 -32.00 4 1 4.00 72.00 8 1 8.00 3160.00
The Factor Theorem states that if P/Q is root of a polynomial then this polynomial can be divided by q*x-p Note that q and p originate from P/Q reduced to its lowest terms
In our case this means that
x4-x3-6x2-4x-8
can be divided with x+2
Polynomial Long Division :
2.2 Polynomial Long Division
Dividing : x4-x3-6x2-4x-8
("Dividend")
By : x+2 ("Divisor")
dividend x4 - x3 - 6x2 - 4x - 8 - divisor * x3 x4 + 2x3 remainder - 3x3 - 6x2 - 4x - 8 - divisor * -3x2 - 3x3 - 6x2 remainder - 4x - 8 - divisor * 0x1 remainder - 4x - 8 - divisor * -4x0 - 4x - 8 remainder 0
Quotient : x3-3x2-4 Remainder: 0
Polynomial Roots Calculator :
2.3 Find roots (zeroes) of : F(x) = x3-3x2-4
See theory in step 2.1
In this case, the Leading Coefficient is 1 and the Trailing Constant is -4.
The factor(s) are:
of the Leading Coefficient : 1
of the Trailing Constant : 1 ,2 ,4
Let us test ....
P Q P/Q F(P/Q) Divisor -1 1 -1.00 -8.00 -2 1 -2.00 -24.00 -4 1 -4.00 -116.00 1 1 1.00 -6.00 2 1 2.00 -8.00 4 1 4.00 12.00
Polynomial Roots Calculator found no rational roots
Equation at the end of step2:
(x3 - 3x2 - 4) • (x + 2) = 0
STEP3:Theory - Roots of a product
3.1 A product of several terms equals zero.
When a product of two or more terms equals zero, then at least one of the terms must be zero.
We shall now solve each term = 0 separately
In other words, we are going to solve as many equations as there are terms in the product
Any solution of term = 0 solves product = 0 as well.
Cubic Equations:
3.2 Solve x3-3x2-4 = 0
Future releases of Tiger-Algebra will solve equations of the third degree directly.
Meanwhile we will use the Bisection method to approximate one real solution.
Approximating a root using the Bisection Method :
We now use the Bisection Method to approximate one of the solutions. The Bisection Method is an iterative procedure to approximate a root (Root is another name for a solution of an equation).
The function is F(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 4
At x= 3.00 F(x) is equal to -4.00
At x= 4.00 F(x) is equal to 12.00
Intuitively we feel, and justly so, that since F(x) is negative on one side of the interval, and positive on the other side then, somewhere inside this interval, F(x) is zero
Procedure :
(1) Find a point "Left" where F(Left) < 0
(2) Find a point 'Right' where F(Right) > 0
(3) Compute 'Middle' the middle point of the interval [Left,Right]
(4) Calculate Value = F(Middle)
(5) If Value is close enough to zero goto Step (7)
Else :
If Value < 0 then : Left <- Middle
If Value > 0 then : Right <- Middle
(6) Loop back to Step (3)
(7) Done!! The approximation found is Middle
Follow Middle movements to understand how it works :
Left Value(Left) Right Value(Right) 3.000000000 -4.000000000 4.000000000 12.000000000 0.000000000 -4.000000000 4.000000000 12.000000000 2.000000000 -8.000000000 4.000000000 12.000000000 3.000000000 -4.000000000 4.000000000 12.000000000 3.000000000 -4.000000000 3.500000000 2.125000000 3.250000000 -1.359375000 3.500000000 2.125000000 3.250000000 -1.359375000 3.375000000 0.271484375 3.312500000 -0.571044922 3.375000000 0.271484375 3.343750000 -0.156646729 3.375000000 0.271484375 3.343750000 -0.156646729 3.359375000 0.055690765 3.351562500 -0.050908566 3.359375000 0.055690765 3.351562500 -0.050908566 3.355468750 0.002283275 3.353515625 -0.024339579 3.355468750 0.002283275 3.354492188 -0.011034888 3.355468750 0.002283275 3.354980469 -0.004377491 3.355468750 0.002283275 3.355224609 -0.001047529 3.355468750 0.002283275 3.355224609 -0.001047529 3.355346680 0.000617768 3.355285645 -0.000214907 3.355346680 0.000617768 3.355285645 -0.000214907 3.355316162 0.000201424 3.355300903 -0.000006743 3.355316162 0.000201424 3.355300903 -0.000006743 3.355308533 0.000097340 3.355300903 -0.000006743 3.355304718 0.000045298 3.355300903 -0.000006743 3.355302811 0.000019277
Next Middle will get us close enough to zero:
F( 3.355301380 ) is -0.000000238
The desired approximation of the solution is:
x ≓ 3.355301380
Note, ≓ is the approximation symbol
Solving a Single Variable Equation:
3.3 Solve : x+2 = 0
Subtract 2 from both sides of the equation :
x = -2
Two solutions were found :
x = -2
x ≓ 3.355301380