x² - 1 - 2a - a² factorise it
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x² - a² - 2a - 1
factor out a -1 from the last three terms:
x² -(a² + 2a +1)
factor the perfect square trinominal:
x² - (a + 1)²
factor this 'difference of perfect squares':
[x + (a +1)] [x - (a+1)]
distribute the negative sign in the second term to get:
(x + a + 1)(x - a - 1
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