Zoological nomenclature and principles of classification
Answers
“Zoological nomenclature is the system of scientific names applied to taxonomic units of animals (taxa) known to occur in nature, whether living or extinct.”
The 1964 code consists of a Preamble, 86 Articles, 5 Appendices, a Glossary and a detailed Index, in parallel English and French. Starting date of the code is 1st January 1758 (publication date of the10th edition of Systema naturae).
1. Names must either be Latin or Latinized.
2. Names of taxa higher than species should be uninominal.
3. Name of a species is binomen.
4. Name of a subspecies is a trinomen.
5. Name of a subgenus is placed in parenthesis between genus and species, e.g. Xorides (Gonophonus) nigrus.
6. Family name should end in DAE , e.g. Tipulidae.
7. Genus name should be a noun in nominative singular or treated as such, e.g. Apis, Rana.
8. Species name should be an adjective or noun in nominative singular agreeing in gender with the generic name, e.g. Drosophila obscura, Felis tigris etc. OR a noun standing in apposition to the generic name, e.g. Felis leo.
9. Zoological nomenclature is independent of other systems.
10. All names given to the species from time to time should be mentioned in synoymy.
11. Author’s name is not part of the name. It’s use is optional and is suffixed, e.g. Cancer pagurus Linnaeus.
12. Law of priority: The valid name is the oldest name published and available.
13. Synonymy: Synonyms are different names assigned to the same taxon. They should be mentioned along with the valid taxon, e.g. Erias vitella(=Erias fabia).
14. Homonymy: Homonyms are identical names in spelling for different species of the same genus and for different genera of a family. Junior homonym has to be rejected. Homonymy arises when an existing species’ name is not known to the person assigning a name, or a species with identical name is transferred to the same genus.
15. Holotype: Single specimen on which description of the species is based. Red colored label is fixed on the specimen.
16. Allotype: Specimen of the opposite sex to holotype. Also carries a red label.
17. Paratype: All remaining specimens after the designation of holotype and allotype are assigned the status of paratypes. They carry yellow labels.
18. Syntypes: If no holotype is designated, all specimens that the author studied for the description of the species are called syntypes.
19. Lectotype: In the absence of a holotype, one specimen from syntypes can be designated as Lectotype and rest of the specimens as Paralectotypes.
20. Neotype: If all type-specimens are destroyed, a neotype, that fits the description very well, can be designated under exceptional circumstances.