0 history notes age of industrialisation
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2.Protective Tariff – To stop the import of certain goods and to protect the domestic goods a tariff was imposed. This tariff was imposed in order to save the domestic goods from the competition of imported goods and also to save the interest of local producers.
3.Life of the Workers
– After the busy season was over, labourers looked for even odd jobs.
– The wages increased somewhat in the 19th century.
– The income of workers dependent not on the wage rate alone, it also depended on a number of days of their work.
– Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the new introduction of new technology and then introduced woolen industry.
4.Laissez, Faire – According to the economists, for the fast trade a policy of Laissez Faire should be applied whereby government should neither interfere in trade nor in the industrial production. This policy was introduced by a British economist named Adam Smith.
5.A Policy of protections – The policy to be applied in order to protect the newly formed industry from stiff competition.
6.Imperial preference – During the British period, the goods imported from Britain to India be given special rights and facilities.
7.Chamber of Commerce – Chamber of Commerce was established in the 19th century in order to take collective decisions on certain important issues concerning trade and commerce. Its first office was set up in Madras.
8.Nationalist Message – Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message very clearly. They said, if you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisement became a vehicle of a nationalist message of Swadesh.
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Answer:
Key Concepts:
An association of craftsmen or merchants following same craft to protect the members interest and supervise the standard of the work.
Tanning. Convert raw hide into leather by soaking in liquid containing tannic acid.
Food processing. Technique of chopping and mixing food for making jam, juices, etc.
Victorian Britain. Britain during the reign of Queen Victoria.
Brewery. A place where beer etc. is brewed commercially. Brewing is a process of infusion, boiling and fermentation.
Vagrant. A person without a settled home or regular work.
Bourgeois. The upper middle class.
Gomastha. An Indian word meaning an agent, a middle man between the merchant and weavers.
Stapler. A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fiber.
Industrialisation:
Production of goods with the help of machines in factories. The first industrialized Nation-Britain.
Features:
Handmade goods to machine made goods in factories, cottage to factory, large scale production, started in England in later parts of 18th Century. In course of time, it affected all systems of production.
Before Industrial Revolution
Proto-Industrialisation:
Production in 17th century, artisans worked for merchants to produce goods, artisans took raw material from merchants for production. Their cottages functioned as a factory.
Association of producers, trained craft people maintained control over production, restricted entry of new traders. This period saw the coming of factories.
Coming up of factories:
Early factories in England came up by the 1730s.
First symbol of new era-cotton mill
Many factories sprang up in England
A series of inventions took place in the form of carding, twisting, spinning and rolling.
The pace of Industrial change:
Cotton and iron and steel industries were the most dynamic industries.
New industries could not displace traditional ones.
Technological changes occurred slowly.
Steam engine invented by James Watt had no buyers for years.
New technologies were slow to be accepted.
Hand labor and stream power:
In Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labor.
In many industries the demand for labor was seasonal.
Range of products could be produced only with hand labor.
There was a demand for intricate designs.
Upper classes preferred things produced by hand.
Life of the worker:
Abundance of labor affected the life of workers badly.
Labour was seasonal.
Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to new technology.
Women labors protested against the introduction of the Spinning Jenny.
Introduction of railways opened greater opportunities.
Industrialisation in the colonies:
Textile industry was the center of industrialization in India.
Age of Indian textiles
Finer varieties of cotton from India were exported.
A vibrant sea trade operated through pre-colonial ports.
What happened to weavers?
East India Company appointed “gomasthas” to collect supply from weavers.
Weavers lost bargaining power and lost lands for settling loans.