1.2 Determine the correct statement — (a) Red blood corpuscles help in destroying the pathogens by phagocytosis (b) Basophils help in preventing allergy by absorbing histamine (c) Lymphocytes help in preventing diseases by producing antibodies (d) Eosinophils help in preventing coagulation of blood inside blood vessels by releasing heparin
Answers
Answer:
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
The two main types of leukocytes are granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes).
Leukocytes arise from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
Leukocytes are involved in pathogen recognition, phagocytosis (ingestion of particles), pathogen destruction, inflammation mediation, and antigen presentation.
Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells. Their granules contain enzymes that damage or digest pathogens and release inflammatory mediators into the bloodstream.
Mononuclear leukocytes include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This group is involved in both innate and adaptive immune system function.
Key Terms
endocytosed: Engulfed during the process by which the plasma membrane of a cell folds inwards to ingest material.
antigen: A substance, usually foreign, that induces an immune response.
pathogen: Any organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease. Examples include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. Microorganisms are not considered pathogenic until the population has grown large enough to cause disease.
White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are immune system cells that defend the body against infectious disease and foreign materials. There are several different types of WBCs. They share commonalities but are distinct in form and function. WBCs are produced in the bone marrow by hemopoeitic stem cells, which differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells. A major distinguishing feature is the presence of granules; white blood cells are often characterized as granulocytes or agranulocytes.
Granulocytes
Granulocytes, also known as polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes, are characterized by stained granules within their cytoplasm under a microscope. These granules are membrane-bound enzymes that act primarily in the digestion of endocytosed particles. They may also cause granule dependent cell-mediated apoptosis through the release of perforins, granzymes, and proteases. The nucleus contains multiple lobes (polymorphonuclear) as opposed to a single rounded lobe. Granulocytes contain toll-like receptors that allow them to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). All categories except neutrophils contain IgE receptors that implicate them in allergic responses. There are four types of granulocytes:
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Granulocytes: From left to right, a neutrophil, an eosinophil, and a basophil.
Neutrophils defend against bacterial or fungal infection and other very small inflammatory processes. They are usually the first responders to microbial infection. Their activity and death in large numbers from degranulation forms purulent necrosis (pus).
Eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections. They are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions.
Basophils are chiefly responsible for short-term inflammatory response (particularly from allergy or irritation) by releasing the chemical histamine, which causes the vasodilation that occurs with inflammation.
Mast cells function similarly to basophils in that they often mediate inflammation, but are more common and arise from a different hemopoeitic lineage.
Explanation:
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Answer:
(a) red blood corpusles help in destroying the pathogens by phagocytosis