1. What are the three organs of the State?
2. Mention the key features of the Indian Constitution.
3. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution?
4. Define secularism in brief.
5. What were the disadvantages of ryotwari system?
B) Write short notes on the following.
1. Nij cultivation
2. Mahalwari system
Answers
Answer:
- Three organs of the State – the legislative, executive and judiciary
- Some of the Key Features of Indian Constitution are listed below: a) Federalism b) Parliamentary Form of Governmentc) Separation of Powersd) Fundamental Rights e) Secularism
- Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
- In India, the first face of Secularism is reflected in the Preamble of India where the word ‘Secular’ is read. The Indian Secularism is also reflected in its fundamental rights (Article 25-28) where it guarantees each of its citizens the right to practice any religion.In the words of P B Gajendragadkar, a former Chief Justice of India, secularism is defined as ‘The State does not owe loyalty to any particular religion as such: it is not irreligious or anti-religious; it gives equal freedom to all religions’
- The various disadvantages of the ryotwari system were as follows• Ryots or cultivators were provided with the loan to cultivate the Indigo. Initially, ryots found this deal attractive but later they realised the amount they are getting paid was low as compared to the Indigo that has been produced by them. Also, the loan that had been given was never-ending. After every harvest, they were provided with the loan to cultivate Indigo. Moreover, the planters wanted indigo to be cultivated in best soil whereas the farmers wanted the rice to be cultivated in such soil.Continuous cultivation of indigo led to the exhaustion of the soil as it has deep roots and the land cannot be used to sow rice.
Explanation:
1. Nij system or Nij cultivation was one of the main systems of indigo cultivation. In this cultivation, the planter produced indigo on the land controlled by him or on the land acquired or taken on rent from the Zamindars. The planter hired labourers but it was difficult to hire a large number of labourers for indigo plantation, and this proved to be the expensive process of cultivation too. Also, the arrangement of equipment for cultivation became difficult as it required bullocks and ploughs. For example – for one Bigha or one unit of measurement of land two ploughs were required. The main problem was the availability of labour and ploughs as at the same time rice cultivation was on the process too. Under Nij cultivation, they were allowed to produce less than 25% of the indigo production
2.The Mahalwari system was introduced in the North West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic valley, Central Province, etc. This system had elements both from Zamindari as well as Ryotwari systems.
According to this system, the land was divided into units called Mahals consisting of even one or more villages. The tax was calculated on the basis of Mahal wherein each farmer gave his individual share. The revenue was collected by the village headman or the village leaders and the ownership rights rested with the peasants only. The state share of the revenue was sixty-six percent of the rental value and the settlement was agreed for thirty years. The Mahalwari system laid down the concept of average rents for different classes and types of soils.
The entire land revenue system of the British had grave consequences. Firstly, land became a product for tax generation. Land became like a private property which never was considered before as one. The farmers resorted to growing cash crops instead of food crops because of prevalent high taxes. This caused famines and food shortages. Also, since taxes were to be paid in cash, farmers became indebted to moneylenders and the latter became the land owners. This also led to farmers becoming bonded labourers. Eventually, when India achieved independence, seventy-five percent of the land was held by only seven percent of villagers who were zamindars only.
Answer:
1.The Constitution distinguishes three organs of the State – the legislative, executive and judiciary
2. ●World's Longest Constitution
●Taken from various sources
●Federal System with Unitary Features
3.Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
4.The principles of secularism which protect and underpin many of the freedoms we enjoy are:
●Separation of religious institutions from state institutions and a public sphere where religion may participate, but not dominate.
●Freedom to practice one's faith or belief without harming others, or to change it or not have one, according to one's own conscience.
●Equality so that our religious beliefs or lack of them doesn't put any of us at an advantage or a disadvantage.
5.●The peasant had to bear a high tax rate.
●The tax had to be paid irrespective even if the crops failed due to factors like drought.
●During such times, peasants were reduced to starvation level due to the requirement to pay the tax.
6 ◆In the nij system of indigo cultivation the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly owned. He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers.
◆The Mahalwari system was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822.[1] The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system in 1820. It covered the states of Punjab, Awadh and Agra, parts of Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. During the 1800s, the British established control over the administrative machinery of India. The System of Land Revenue acted as a chief source of income of the British. Land was one of the most important source of income for the British. Thus, they used land to control the entire Revenue system, strengthening their economic condition in India.
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