Question

1.... what is cork how it is formed write

its characteristics and roles ?​

Answer 1

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Cork cambium of woody stem (Tilia). It is different from the main vascular cambium, which is the ring between the wood (xylem) on the inside (top) and the red bast (phloem) outside it.

Cork cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the epidermis. The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms and some monocots (monocots usually lack secondary growth). It is one of the plant's meristems – the series of tissues consisting of embryonic disk (incompletely differentiated) cells from which the plant grows. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem. The function of cork cambium is to produce the cork, a tough protective material.[1][2]  

Synonyms for cork cambium are bark cambium, pericambium and phellogen. Phellogen is defined as the meristematic cell layer responsible for the development of the periderm. Cells that grow inwards from there are termed phelloderm, and cells that develop outwards are termed phellem or cork (note similarity with vascular cambium). The periderm thus consists of three different layers:

phelloderm – inside of cork cambium; composed of living parenchyma cells

phellogen (cork cambium) – meristem that gives rise to periderm

phellem (cork) – dead at maturity; air-filled protective tissue on the outside

Growth and development of cork cambium is very variable between different species, and is also highly dependent on age and growth conditions, as can be observed from the different surfaces of bark, which may be smooth, fissured, tesselated, scaly, or flaking off.

Answer 2

Because of vascular cambium, secondary xylem and secondary phloem is formed. Secondary xylem is formed in large number when compared to secondary phloet.

Due to this ,the outer surface, that is ,the epidermal cells break.

So, in order to protect the tree and new cambium is formed. That is known as cork cambium or phellogen .

It cuts out cells towards outside called ▶️cork◀️ or phellogen and also cells to inside called secondary cortex or phelloderm

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