Question

1- What r the advantages of ploughing in summer
2- what is the natural manure ?? How to prepare it ?? Give two examples
3- give some examples of plants that r grown after replanting
4 - state reasons y wheat is cultivated in karif ???

Answer 1

Summer Ploughing" is defined as the ploughing the field across the slope during hot summer with the help of specialized tools with primary objective of opening of the soil crust accompanied by deep ploughing and simultaneously overturning of the soil underneath to disinfect it with the help of piercing sun rays. 

Perform deep summer ploughing (off season tillage) with pre-monsoon showers (during May) to recharge the soil profile. It facilitates to sow the crops immediately after onset of southwest monsoon. Off season tillage increases water content of soils and reduces runoff. It also reduces pest and weed infestation.

The number and depth of ploughing depends on weed intensity. At best two summer ploughings are done prior to advent of monsoon at an interval of 15-20 days. Third ploughing can be done once with the help of harrow or cultivator to pulverize the soil and prepare field beds for sowing/transplanting soon after the first monsoon rain.

Benefits of summer ploughing

The first and foremost benefit is that due to breaking of hard crusted upper layer of the soil and deep ploughing the infiltration capacity and permeability of the soil increases which increases in-situ moisture conservation. Consequently plant roots will get more moisture with less effort.
Summer ploughing improves soil structure due to alternate drying and cooling.
Tillage improves soil aeration which helps in multiplication of micro-organisms. Organic matter docomposition is hastened resulting in higher nutrient availability to the plants.
Increased aeration also helps in degradation of herbicide and pesticide residues and harmful allelopathic chemicals exuded by root of previous crops and weeds (such as couch grass) which inhibit the growth of other near by plants.
Since the capacity to absorb rainwater increases atmospheric nitrate mixed with water enters the soil and it increases soil fertility.
Lot of insects and pests hibernate underneath the soil crust or stubbles during hot summer season. Due to overturning of the soil in summer ploughing the sharp rays of sun enters the soil and kills the eggs, larvae and pupae of soil borne insects and pests, thereby the hazards of insects and pests on subsequent crop is reduced. Consequently the farmer's expenditure in procuring insecticides and pesticides decreases.
A lot of harmful bacteria spores and fungal microbes die due to exposition to heat of summer. Farmers can get relief in purchasing fungicides and pesticides because of the inhibition of plant diseases due to summer ploughing.
. Plant parasitic nematodes are microscopic organisms, ubiquitous in nature, which remain hidden inside the soil and attack subsequent crops so much so that there is chances of total crop failure. Summer ploughing and crop rotation are important methods to control nematodes. Use of nematicides for nematode control is very rare due to their prohibitive costs while summer ploughing does it with free gift of nature.

Ans 2=
Manure is organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces except in the case of green manure, which can be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manures contribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web.

In the past, the term "manure" included inorganic fertilizers, but this usage is now very rare.

Pls d3ar
MARK AS BRAIN LIEST